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Biology- Core Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a allele?

A

A different version of the same gene

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1
Q

Name and describe how white blood cells defend the immune system

A
  1. Engulf the pathogen- engulfing stops you feeling ill
  2. Produce antibodies - these proteins lock on to the antigens of the pathogen and kill the pathogen, if infected again they are easily killed
  3. Produce antitoxins - these cancel out the toxins released by the pathogen
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2
Q

What is sexual reproduction

A

Reproduction which involves the fusing of male and female gametes creating offspring that is genetically varied

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3
Q

What is asexual reproduction?

A

Reproduction that involves NO fusing of the gametes and therefore creates a clone

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4
Q

Describe how tissue culture works?

A
  1. A few cells of the plant are taken
  2. Put in a growth medium with hormones
    - expensive probably done in a lab
    + quick, all year round, grown in a small space
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5
Q

Describe how plant cuttings work?

A
  1. Take a plant cutting
  2. Plant the cutting in moist conditions with hormone rooting powder
  3. Quick and cheap
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6
Q

How does embryonic cloning work?

A
  1. Divide each embryo into individual cells
  2. Cells grow into identical embryos
  3. Put in host mother
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7
Q

How does adult cell cloning work ?

A
  1. nucleus removed from unfertilised egg cell
  2. Nucleus removed from adult cell
  3. Adult cell nucleus put in empty egg cell
  4. Electrocution
  5. Divide to form embryos
  6. Implanted in mum
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8
Q

How do you mass produce insulin?

A
  1. Insulin gene cut out of human body cell using enzyme
  2. Plasmid cut out of bacterium and split opened using enzyme
  3. Insulin put in plasmid using enzyme
  4. Placed back into bacterium
  5. Reproduced
  6. Insulin harvested
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9
Q

What does protein do?

A

Release energy, cell repair, growth and enzymes

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10
Q

What does fat do?

A

Release fatty acids, cover organs, warmth, cell membranes and release energy

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11
Q

Why does resistant bacteria occur?

A 
Person does not finish antibiotic
Bacteria mutates
Reproduces 
Becomes resistant and hard to kill 
E.g. MRSA
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12
Q

Why isn’t all energy passed on?

A 
Not all animals are eaten 
Respiration (cellular)
Movement 
Constant body temperature 
Waste
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13
Q

Describe the carbon cycle

A

Plants respire and release CO2
CO2 dissolved in air and water and photosynthesis removes CO2
Organisms respire releasing CO2
Organisms eat plants
Decomposers release CO2 when respiring
Burning fossil fuels causes decay and combustion which release CO2

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14
Q

Equation for photosynthesis

A

CO2 +H2O > Glucose+ O2

(Light energy)

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15
Q

Equation for respiration

A

Glucose + O2 > CO2 + H2O (+energy)

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16
Q

Equation for combustion

A

Burning fuel or wood + O2 > CO2 + H2O

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17
Q

Name the factors which effect the metabolic rate

A 
Proportion if muscle to fat - muscle requires more energy 
Bigger built as they have more cells
Regular exercise 
Inherited factor 
Men have a higher metabolic rate
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18
Q

Define a hormone

A

A chemical messenger which travels through the body in the blood activating target cells
Long time, big area, slow action

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19
Q

What is natural selection?

A

When individuals in a species mutate or have a variation which is beneficial, this allows them to survive and reproduce better than the others in their species which eventually die off

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20
Q

Name three ways in which the body defends itself

A

Skin, hair, mucus
Blood clotting
White blood cells

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21
Q

Name health problems with malnourishment

A 
Too little: 
Poor resistance to infection 
Irregular periods 
Slow growth + lack of energy 
Too much: 
Arthritis
Type 2 diabetes 
High blood cholesterol and pressure
Heart disease
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22
Q

Describe what FSH, LH and oestrogen do

A 
FSH: 
Pituitary gland
Causes egg to mature 
Stimulates oestrogen 
Oestrogen: 
Ovaries
Inhibits FSH production 
Stimulates LH
LH:
Pituitary gland 
Releases egg
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23
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The maintenance of constant body conditions

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24
Q

How does a vaccination work?

A

A small quantity of a dead or inactive pathogen is inserted into the body so that the white blood cells can produce antibodies to attack the pathogen making them immune in the future

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25
Q

How do you grow bacteria?

A
  1. Sterilise inoculating loop in flame to kill of unwanted bacteria
  2. Let it cool than put in bacteria
  3. Zig zag across agar jelly this provides food ti help it grow
  4. Shut lid quickly to prevent air microbes getting in seal with tape
  5. Let some O2 in so harmful anaerobic bacteria don’t form
    And low temps so harmful pathogens don’t grow
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26
Q

Do oral contraceptives have higher amounts of oestrogen than before?

A

No because higher amounts of oestrogen were linked with side effects such as blood clots

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27
Q

Give three disadvantages of having IVF treatment

A
  • strong reactions to hormones, abdominal pain, vomiting, dehydration
  • multiple births could be dangerous for mother and childs
  • increased risk of cancer due to hormonal treatment
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28
Q

How are desert animals adapted to save water and keep cool?

A
  • large surface area compared to volume lose more body heat
  • efficient with water produced a small amount of concentrate urine and sweats little
  • hot conditions- thin layer of body fat and coat allowing it to lose heat
  • camouflaged - sandy colour
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29
Q

How do arctic animals reduce heat loss?

A

Small surface area compared to volume- reduces heat loss
Well insulated- layer of blubber and fur, blubber not only insulates but is an energy source for when food is little
Camouflage- white fur

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30
Q

How do plants in the desert adapt to reduce water loss?

A

Small surface area to volume - plants lose water through leaves so having small surface area reduced water loss
Water storage tissue
Maximising water absorption- shallow but long roots absorb water quickly
Deep roots find underground water

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31
Q

How do organisms deter predators?

A

Armour - thorns or shell
Poisons
Warning colours

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32
Q

What is an extremophile?

A

An microorganism adapted to live in extreme condition such as salty lakes, high pressures or hot volcanic vents

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33
Q

What do animals compete for?

A

Space food water mates

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34
Q

What do plants compete for?

A

Light, space, water and minerals

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35
Q

Name the living factors that cause environmental change?

A

Infectious diseases
Number of predators
Number of prey or food source
Type of competitors

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36
Q

What are the non-living factors that effect environmental change?

A

Average temperature
Average rainfall
Air or water pollution
Sunlight

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37
Q

What are the living indicators that measure environmental change?

A

Lichen - air pollution, sulfur dioxide

Mayfly larvae - water pollution, dissolved oxygen

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38
Q

What are the non-living indicators that show environmental change?

A

Satellites - measure temperature of sea surface and the amount of snow on ice caps
Weather stations - rainfall temperature
Dissolved oxygen metres - concentration of oxygen in water and how quickly its changing

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39
Q

Why do non prescribed drugs have a greater impact on the population?

A

Easier to get hold off

Cheaper so whole population takes them

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40
Q

Why is it difficult for people to stop taking certain drugs?

A

Becomes addictive

41
Q

What has a drug got to be to pass a drug trial?

A

Stable
Safe
Effective
Successfully taken in and removed from the body

42
Q

What is a placebo?

A

A substance used in clinical trials which does not contain any drug at all, it is used so results can be compared

43
Q

Why do people take drugs?

A 
Stress
Enjoy
Peer pressure 
Relax
Background
44
Q

Why do athletes take anabolic steroids?

A

Not informed by coach
Advantage
Thinks over athletes are taking drugs

45
Q

Why do people take cannabis?

A

Relieve multiple sclerosis
Gateway drug
Cause mental health problems

46
Q

Describe how a drug has to be processed?

A 
Tested on human cells and tissues
Live animals
Health human volunteers - low dose then gradually built up to find perfect dose
Then on sick people
Then wide population 
The whole population
47
Q

What is thalidomide now used for?

A

Leprosy

48
Q

What is a drug?

A

A chemical substance which alters chemical reactions in the body

49
Q

Why do we resemble our parents?

A

Because genes are passed on to us in the sex cells from you parents

50
Q

What causes variation?

A

Genetic or environmental

51
Q

Why is offspring genetically varied?

A

It receives a mixture of chromosomes fused together

52
Q

Name the advantages and disadvantages of GM crops?

A

Increase yield
Contain nutrients which is good for the third world
Grown elsewhere with no problem
- reduce farmland biodiversity
- might not be safe
- transplanted genes mat get out into the natural environment

53
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of cloning?

A

Reduced gene pool can lead to a disease wiping them all out
Greater understanding of the development of an embryo
Cloned animals not as healthy as normal ones
Humans may be cloned in the future

54
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a vaccination?

A

+ prevent epidemics
+ gets rid of infectious diseases
- bad reaction
- might not work

55
Q

What is the metabolic rate?

A

Te rate at which chemical reactions happen in our body

56
Q

Name the seven food groups?

A 
Vitamin
Minerals
Water
Fibre
Fat
Protein
Carbohydrates
57
Q

What do carbohydrates do?

A

Release energy by converting glucose which is used in respiration

58
Q

What does fibre do?

A

Prevent constipation

59
Q

What does water do?

A

Hydration
Cools body down
Transports substances

60
Q

What does an antibiotic do?

A

Kills bacteria without damaging good cells

61
Q

Why is a virus difficult to kill?

A

They invade cells so cannot get rid off without damaging cells

62
Q

How do you prevent resistant bacteria?

A

Stop over pre scribing
Isolate victims
Keep hospitals clean and wash hands

63
Q

What is meant by cannabis is a stepping stone?

A

The effects of cannabis create a desire to try harder drugs

64
Q

What is meant by cannabis is a “gateway” drug?

A

Cannabis brings people into contact with drug dealers which can offer them more drugs

65
Q

What is meant by cannabis is down to “genetics”?

A

Certain people are more likely to take drugs generally so cannabis users will also try other drugs

66
Q

What are the effects of smoking?

A

Causes disease of the heart, blood vessels and lungs
Tobacco smoke causes cancer
Nicotine in cigarettes is very addictive so its hard to stop smoking

67
Q

What are the effects of alcohol?

A

Alcohol affects the nervous system and slows down the bodies reactions
Took much leads to poor coordination, impaired judgement and unconsciousness
Excessive drinking can cause damage to liver and brain
Alcohol is addictive

68
Q

For and against performance enhancing drugs?

A

Unfair advantage
Athletes may not be fully informed of the serious health risks of the drugs they take
+ own decision
+ sport isn’t fair anyway, different athletes have access to different training facilities, coaches and equipment

69
Q

What is a double blind trial?

A

Is one where patients nor doctors know wether the patient is getting a drug or the placebo until the results are gathered this is so doctors monitoring patients aren’t influenced by their knowledge

70
Q

What are performance enhancing drugs?

A

Drugs that improve a persons performance in a sport

71
Q

What are recreational drugs?

A

Drugs that are used for fun, these can be illegal or legal

72
Q

What are medicinal drugs?

A

Drugs that are medically useful like antibiotics

73
Q

Why do you need a prescription for some drugs and not others?

A

For some drugs you need a prescription as they can be dangerous if misused

74
Q

How does alcohol and tobacco have a bigger effect on the uk economy?

A

NHS spending
Police spending
Loose working days

75
Q

What is malnourishment?

A

The condition where the body does not have a balanced diet and therefore an insufficient amount of energy

76
Q

What are the health risks with obesity?

A 
Arthritis 
Type 2 diabetes 
High blood pressure 
Cholesterol 
Heart disease
77
Q

What does exercise do?

A

Increase the amount of energy we use and decrease the amount of stored fat, boost metabolic rate and builds muscle

78
Q

What does too much saturated fat lead to?

A

LDL, bad cholesterol transports fats around body clotting arteries

79
Q

Name three types of pathogen

A

Bacteria, viruses and fungi

80
Q

What is the difference between viruses and bacteria ?

A

Bacteria reproduce outside the cell whereas viruses reproduce inside the cell
Bacteria are living

81
Q

What was the john baptise theory?

A

If a characteristic was used a lot than it would become more developed in its lifetime, it would then pass on the characteristics to the offspring

82
Q

Why did people object to darwin?

A

Religious beliefs
Not enough evidence
Difficult to explain

83
Q

Describe the process of decay?

A

Detritus feeders and microorganisms break down dead animals and waste to give back the elements to the atmosphere

84
Q

What are the conditions for decay?

A

Warm
Moist
Plenty of oxygen

85
Q

Name ways in which energy was lost?

A

In waste - not all energy can be digested
By movement and growth - building new cells and respiration
Keeping a constant body temperature
Cellular respiration lets of heat energy to the surroundings

86
Q

How do you get rid of excess ions?

A

Lost in sweat

Kidneys = urine

87
Q

How do you get rid of extra blood sugar?

A

Insulin

88
Q

How is water removed?

A

Skin - sweat
Lungs - breath
Kidneys - urine

89
Q

How do you control temperature!

A

Sweat, shiver

90
Q

Describe reflex arc pathway

A 
Stimulus 
Receptor
Sensory neurone 
Motor neurone 
Effector 
Response
91
Q

What does a synapse do?

A

Chemicals are released and diffuse between 2 neurones when they reach the new neurone they send a new electrical signal

92
Q

What is the purpose of a reflex arc?

A

To protect and reduce chances of being injured

93
Q

How do you increase chances of getting pregnant?

A

LH FSH

94
Q

How do you stop getting pregnant?

A

Oestrogen - inhibits FSH

Progesterone - thick cervical mucus which prevents sperm from reaching egg

95
Q

Name the difference between hormones and nerves

A

Hormones - slow action, long time, general area

Nerves - quick action, short time, precise area

96
Q

What are the 4 stages of the menstrual cycle?

A

1-4 - uterus break down, bleeding
4- 14 - lining builds up
14 - egg released
14-28 - wall maintained unless its not fertilised

97
Q

Why does shoot go towards light?

A

Auxin accumulates on shaded side
Unequal distribution
Grows more on shaded side
Bends towards light

98
Q

Why does shoot go away from gravity?

A

Auxin accumulates on lower side
Unequal distribution
More growth on lower side
Bends away from gravity

99
Q

Why do roots grow away from gravity?

A

Auxin accumulates on lower side
Unequal distribution
Inhibits growth
Grows towards gravity

100
Q

Why do grow towards moisture

A

Auxin accumulates on moisture side
Unequal distribution
Inhibits growth
Bends towards moisture

GCSE (55 decks)

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