Medical Terminology for Health Professions Part 5 Flashcards
exercise physiologist
specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness (pg. 109)
neurologist
physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is loss of function (pg. 109)
physiatrist
specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation to restore function
rheumatologist
physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis, and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia and tendonitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
sports medicine physician
specializes in treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles (pg. 109)
fasciitis
inflammation of a fascia
fibromyalgia syndrome
debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue, joint, diffuse or specific muscle, bone, or joint pain, plus other symptoms (pg. 109)
tenodynia 102
pain in a tendon
tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint, also tenonitis and tenontitis (pg. 110)
chronic fatigue syndrome
CFS: debilitating disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems - characterized by profound fatigue made worse by physical or mental activity (pg. 110)
adhesion
band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally as the result of injury or surgery (pg. 110)
atrophy
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures, caused by pathology or disuse of muscle over a long period of time (pg. 110)
myalgia
tenderness or pain in the muscles - myodynia (pg. 110)
myocele
the herniation or protrusion of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it (pg. 110)
hernia
the protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it (pg. 110)
myolysis
degeneration of muscle tissue (pg. 110) Degeneration means deterioration or breaking down, Deterioration means the process of becoming worse
myomalacia
abnormal softening of muscle tissue
myorrhexis
rupture or tearing of a muscle (pg. 110)
polymyositis
PM: muscle disease characterized by simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body (pg. 110)
sarcopenia
loss of muscle mass, strength and function that comes with aging (pg. 110)
muscle tone
state of balanced muscle tension that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible (pg. 110)
atonic
lacking normal muscle tone or strength (pg. 110)
dystonia
abnormal muscle tone - causes impairment of voluntary muscle movements (pg. 110)
hypertonia
excessive tone of skeletal muscles
hypotonia
diminished tone of skeletal muscles (pg. 110)
myotonia
neuromuscular disorder characterized by slow relaxation of the muscles after voluntary contraction
ataxia
the inability to coordinate muscle activity during voluntary movement - shaky and unsteady movement caused by abnormal activity in the cerebellum (pg. 110)
dystaxia
mild form of ataxia - also called partial ataxia
contracture
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments or skin that occurs when connective tissues are replaced by nonelastic fibrous tissues - caused by scarring or lack of use (pg. 110)
intermittent claudication (IC)
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise - relieved by rest - associated with peripheral vascular disease (pg. 111)
spasm
sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles, also known as charley horse (pg. 111)
cramp
localized muscle spasm named for its cause, such as a heat cramp or writer’s cramp (pg. 111)
spasmodic torticollis
a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side - wryneck (tortus, twisted - collum, neck) (pg. 111)
bradykinesia
extreme slowness in movement - symptom of Parkinson’s disease (pg. 111)
dyskinesia
distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as in a tic or spasm (pg. 111)
hyperkinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity - hyperactivity (pg. 110)
hypokinesia
abnormally decreased muscle function or activity
myoclonus (my-oh-KLOH-nus)
sudden involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles (pg. 111)
nocturnal myoclonus
jerking of limbs that can occur normally when one is falling asleep (pg. 111)
singultus
myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the hiccup sound with each spasm (pg. 111)
myasthenia gravis (MG)
chronic autoimmune disease that affects neuromuscular junction and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles (pg. 111)
muscular dystrophy (MD)
group of >30 genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of skeletal muscles that control movement without affecting the nervous system - no specific treatment to stop or reverse disease (pg. 111)
Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)
most common form of MD - primarily affects boys age 3-5 - progresses rapidly (pg. 111)
Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)
very similar to Duchenne, but less severe (pg. 111)
repetitive stress disorders
variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation/sports - involve muscles, tendons, nerves, and joints (pg. 111)
compartment syndrome
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles (pg. 111)
overuse injuries
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal - can include stress fractures (pg. 111)
overuse tendinitis
inflammation of tendons by excessive or unusual use of a joint (pg. 112)
myofascial pain syndrome
chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body - produces local and referred muscle pain (pg. 112)
impingement syndrome
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught between the bones within the shoulder joint - hurts when you raise your arms above your head (pg. 112)
rotator cuff tendinitis
inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff (pg. 112)
ruptured rotator cuff
develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or the overuse continues (pg. 112)
carpal tunnel syndrome
tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are overused, inflamed and swollen (pg. 112)
carpal tunnel release
surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of carpal ligament to relieve pressure on tendons and nerves (pg. 112)
ganglion cyst
harmless, fluid-filled swelling on outer surface of wrist - caused by repeated minor injuries - painless, no treatment required (pg. 113)
epicondylitis
inflammation of tissues surrounding the elbow (condyle refers to the round prominence at the end of the bone) (pg. 113)
heel spur
calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near attachment to calcaneus (heel) bone (pg. 113)
plantar fasciitis
inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot - causes foot or heel pain when walking or running (pg. 113)
sprain
injury to a joint involving stretched (wrenched) or torn LIGAMENTS (pg. 113)
strain
injury to the body of a MUSCLE or attachment of a TENDON - associated with overuse injuries (pg. 113)
shin splint
muscle tearing away from the tibia (shinbone) - can develop in anterolateral (front and side) or posteromedial (back and middle) muscles of the lower leg (pg. 113)
hamstring injury
a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee (pg. 114)
achilles tendinitis
painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress on tendon (pg. 114)
iliotibial band syndrome
ITBS: band runs from the hip bone, diagonally across the leg to the tibia. ITBS is caused by this band rubbing against bone, often by the knee (pg. 114)
spinal cord injury (SCI)
paralysis, determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury - occurs when a vertebra is broken and piece presses into spinal cord, or if vertebra is pushed/pulled out of alignment (pg. 114)
paralysis
loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply (pg. 114)
myoparesis
weakness or slight muscular paralysis (pg. 115)
hemiparesis
slight paralysis affecting only one side of the body (pg. 115)
hemiplegia
total paralysis affecting only one side of the body - associated with stroke or brain damage (pg. 115)
paraplegia
paralysis of both legs and lower part of the body (pg. 115)
quadriplegia
paralysis of all four extremities (pg. 115)
cardioplegia
paralysis of heart muscle caused by direct blow or trauma, or induced by drugs - cardiac arrest (pg. 115)
deep tendon reflexes (DTR)
tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon - reflex: involuntary response to a stimulus (pg. 115)
range of motion testing (ROM)
diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength (pg. 115)
electromyography (EMG)
diagnostic test that measures electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation (pg. 116)
electroneuromyography 111
nerve conduction studies - diagnostic procedure for testing and recording neuromuscular activity by electro- stimulation
muscle biopsy
removal of a plug of tissue for examination (pg. 116)
antispasmodic
suppresses smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder (pg. 116)
skeletal muscle relaxant
relaxes certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries - act on the central nervous system (pg. 116)
neuromuscular blocker
drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles neuromuscular blocking agent (pg. 116)
ergonomics
study of human factors that affect design and operations of tools and work environment (pg. 116)
myofascial release
specialized soft tissue manipulation technique to ease pain of fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome (pg. 116)
occupational therapy
OT: activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in normalizing their ability to perform activities of daily living (ADL: bathing, grooming, eating, etc) (pg. 116)
physical therapy
PT: treatment to prevent disability or restore function through use of exercise, heat, massage, and other methods to improve circulation, flexibility, and muscle strength
therapeutic ultrasound
utilizes high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue and increasing blood flow (pg. 117)
RICE
Rest, Ice, Compression, and Elevation - most common first aid treatment of muscular injuries (pg. 117)
fasciotomy
surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure (pg. 117)
fascioplasty
surgical repair of fascia (pg. 117)
tenodesis
surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to the bone (pg. 117)
tenolysis
the release of a tendon from adhesions (pg. 117)
tenectomy
surgical resection of a portion of a tendon or tendon sheath
tenoplasty
surgical repair of a tendon
tenorrhaphy
surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon (pg. 117)
tenotomy
surgical division of a tendon for relief of a deformity caused by the abnormal shortening of a muscle
myectomy
surgical excision of a portion of a muscle
myoplasty
surgical repair of a muscle
myorrhaphy
surgical suturing of a muscle wound (pg. 117)
myotomy
surgical incision into a muscle (pg. 117)
-lysis
destruction or breaking down
frontalis
muscle in forehead, raises and lowers the eyebrows, also occipitofrontalis (pg. 109)
temporalis
muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth (pg. 109)
masseter
muscle moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing, one of the strongest in the body (pg. 109)
external oblique muscles
flex and rotate the vertebral column; flex the torso and compress the abdomen (pg. 109)
internal oblique muscles
flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help breathe, and rotate the spine (pg. 109)
rectus abdominis
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine (pg. 109)
transverse abdominis
located on the side of the abdomen, engaged when coughing or laughing (pg. 109)
trapezius muscle
moves the head and shoulder blade (pg. 109)
rectus femoris
extends the leg at the knee (pg. 109)
quadriceps femoris
made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee (pg. 109)
gastrocnemius
calf muscle that flexes the knee and bends the foot downwoard (pg. 109)
tenosynovitis
inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon (pg. 109)
synov
synovial membrane (pg. 109)
sarc/o
flesh
ACE inhibitor
blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract resulting in hypertension
anemia
a lower than normal number of erythrocytes in the blood
aneurysm
a localized weak spot, or balloon-like enlargement, of the wall of an artery
aneurysmectomy
the surgical removal of an aneurysm
aneurysmorrhaphy
the surgical suturing of an aneurysm
angiitis
the inflammation of a blood or lymph vessel
angina
a condition of episodes of severe chest pain due to inadequate blood flow to the myocardium
angiography
a radiographic study of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium
angiostenosis
the abnormal narrowing of a blood vessel
antiarrhythmic
a medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat
anticoagulant
slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming
antihypertensive
a medication administered to lower blood pressure
aorta
the largest blood vessel in the body; the main trunk of the arterial system and begins from the left ventricle of the heart
aortic semilunar valve
located between the left ventricle and the aorta
aplastic anemia
characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow
arrhythmia
describes an abnormality, or the loss of the normal rhythm, of the heart
arteriectomy
the surgical removal of part of an artery
arteries
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body
angioplasty
a procedure in which a small balloon is used to open a partially blocked coronary artery by flattening the plaque deposit and stretching the lumen
arterioles
the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that carry blood to the capillaries
arteriosclerosis
any of a group of diseases characterized by thickening and the loss of elasticity of arterial walls
artificial pacemaker
used primarily as treatment for bradycardia or atrial fibrillation
aspirin
recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by slightly reducing the ability of the blood to clot
atherectomy
the surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery
atheroma
a deposit of plaque on or within the arterial wall
atherosclerosis
hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries
atria
the two upper chambers of the heart
atrial fibrillation
occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid irregular twitching of the muscular heart wall
atrioventicular node
located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum
automated external defibrillator
designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required
bacterial endocarditis
an inflammation of the lining or valves of the heart caused by the presence of bacteria in the bloodstream
basophils
the least common type of WBC
beta-blocker
reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heart beat
blood
the fluid tissue in the body
blood dyscrasia
any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood
blood gases
gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood
blood pressure
the measurement of the amount of systolic and diastolic pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries
blood types
classified according to the presence, or absence, of certain antigens; four major blood types are A, AB, B, and O
bradycardia
an abnormally slow resting heart rate
bundle of His (HISS)
a group of fibers located within the interventricular septum
calcium channel blocker agents
cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures
capillaries
the smallest blood vessels in the body
cardiac arrest
an event in which the heart abruptly stops or develops a very abnormal arrhythmia that prevents it from pumping blood
cardiac catheterization
a diagnostic procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart
cardiologist
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart
cardiomegaly
the abnormal enlargement of the heart
cardiomyopathy
the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac compression
cardiovascular
pertaining to the heart and blood vessels
cardiovascular system
consists of the heart, blood vessels, and blood
carditis
an inflammation of the heart
carotid arteries
the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head
carotid endarterectomy
the surgical removal of the lining of a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain
cholesterol
a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body
cholesterol-lowering drugs
used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood
chronic venous insufficiency
a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or leakage of venous valves
congenital heart defects
structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth
coronary arteries
supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium
coronary artery bypass graft
a piece of vein from the leg or chest is implanted on the heart to replace a blocked coronary artery and to improve the flow of blood to the heart (AKA bypass surgery)
coronary artery disease
atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle
coronary thrombosis
damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery
Coumadin
an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger
deep vein thrombosis
the condition of having a thrombus attached to the wall of a deep vein
defibrillation
the use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm
diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
digital subtraction angiography
combines angiography with computerized components to clarify the view of the area of interest by removing the soft tissue and bones from the images
digitalis
strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues
diuretic
administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion of urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water
duplex ultrasound
a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels
electrocardiogram
a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium
electrodardiography
the noninvasive process of recording the electrical activity of the myocardium
embolism
the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus
embolus
a foreign object, such as a blood clot, quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor that is circulating in the blood
endocarditis
an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart
endocardium
the inner lining of the heart
