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HOSA Bowl 2022 > Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 > Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cell

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2
Q

mitral valve

A

flap or cusp between the left atrium and left ventricle in the heart

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3
Q

myocardium

A

muscle layer of the heart

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4
Q

pericardium

A

membrane sac that covers the outside of the heart

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5
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of the blood

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6
Q

pulmonary valve

A

flap or cusp between the right ventricle of the heart and the pulmonary artery

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7
Q

right atrium

A

the right upper chamber of the heart that receives blood from the venae cavae and coronary sinus

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8
Q

right ventricle

A

the chamber on the right side of the heart that receives venous blood from the right atrium and pumps it into the pulmonary trunk

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9
Q

septum

A

membranous wall that divides to cavities

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10
Q

systole

A

period of work, or contraction, of the heart

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11
Q

thrombocytes

A

also called a platelet; blood cell required for clotting of the blood

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12
Q

tricuspid valve

A

flap or cusp between the right atrium and right ventricle in the heart

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13
Q

veins

A

blood vessel that carries blood back to the heart

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14
Q

cisterna chyli

A

an enlarged pouch on the thoracic duct that serves as a storage area for lymph moving toward its point of entry into the venous system

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15
Q

lymph

A

a thin coagulable fluid (similar to plasma but) containing white blood cells (lymphocytes) and chyle

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16
Q

lymph nodes

A

many small, oval structures that filter lymph from the lymph vessels; major locations include the cervical, axillary, and inguinal regions

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17
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body

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18
Q

lymphatic vessels

A

large vessels with valves, which collect and carry lymph to lymph nodes

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19
Q

right lymphatic duct

A

collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm; empties into the right subclavian vein

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20
Q

spleen

A

a large dark-red oval organ on the left side of the body between the stomach and the diaphragm

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21
Q

thoracic duct

A

the major duct of the lymphatic system

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22
Q

thymus

A

a ductless glandular organ at the base of the neck that produces lymphocytes and aids in producing immunity

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23
Q

tonsils

A

mass of lymphatic tissue found in the pharynx and mouth

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24
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

that division of the nervous system concerned with reflex, or involuntary, activities of the body

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25
Q

brain

A

soft mass of nerve tissue inside the cranium

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26
Q

central nervous system

A

the division of the nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord

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27
Q

cerebellum

A

the section of the brain that is dorsal to the pons and medulla oblongata; maintains balance and equilibrium

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28
Q

cerebrospinal fluid

A

watery, clear fluid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord

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29
Q

cerebrum

A

largest section of brain; involved in sensory interpretation and voluntary muscle activity

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30
Q

diencephalon

A

the section of the brain between the cerebrum and midbrain; contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

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31
Q

hypothalamus

A

that structure in the diencephalon of brain that regulates and controls many body functions

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32
Q

medulla oblongata

A

the lower part of the brain stem; controls vital processes such as respiration and heartbeat

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33
Q

meninges

A

membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord

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34
Q

midbrain

A

that portion of the brain that connects the pons and cerebellum; relay center for impulses

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35
Q

nerves

A

group of nerve tissues that conducts impulses

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36
Q

neuron

A

nerve cell

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37
Q

parasympathetic

A

a division of the autonomic nervous system

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38
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

the section of the nervous system lying outside the brain and spinal cord

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39
Q

pons

A

that portion of the brain stem that connects the medulla oblongata and cerebellum to the upper portions of the brain

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40
Q

spinal cord

A

a column of nervous tissue extending from the medulla oblongata of the brain to the second lumbar vertebra in vertebral column

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41
Q

sympathetic

A

that divisions of the autonomic nervous system that allows the body to respond to emergencies and stress; also, to understand and attempt to solve the problems of another

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42
Q

thalamus

A

that structure in the diencephalon of the brain that acts as a relay center to direct sensory impulse to the cerebrum

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43
Q

ventricles

A

one of two lower chambers of the heart; also, a cavity in the brain

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44
Q

aqueous humor

A

watery liquid that circulates in the anterior chamber of the eye

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45
Q

auditory canal

A

either of the passages in the outer ear from the auricle to the tympanic membrane

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46
Q

auricle

A

also called the pinna, external part of the ear

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47
Q

choroid coat

A

a highly vascular membrane in the eye between the retina and the sclera

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48
Q

cochlea

A

snail-shaped section of the inner ear; contains the organ of Corti, for hearing

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49
Q

conjunctiva

A

mucous membrane that lines the eyelids and covers the anterior part of the sclera of the eye

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50
Q

cornea

A

the transparent section of the sclera; allows light rays to enter to eye

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51
Q

eustachian tube

A

tube that connects the middle ear and the pharynx, or throat

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52
Q

iris

A

colored portion of the eye; composed of muscular, or contractile, tissue that regulates the size of the pupil

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53
Q

lacrimal glands

A

it produce tears; it constantly moisten and cleanse the eye

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54
Q

lens

A

crystalline structure suspended behind the pupil of the eye; refracts or bends light rays onto the retina; also, the magnifying glass in a microscope

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55
Q

organ of Corti

A

structure in the cochlea of the ear; organ of hearing

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56
Q

ossicles

A

small bones, especially the three bones of the middle ear that amplify and transmit sound waves

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57
Q

pinna

A

also called the auricle; external portion of the ear

58
Q

pupil

A

opening or hole in the center of the iris of the eye; allows light to enter the eye

59
Q

refracts

A

breaks; forces back; bends as in bending a ray of light

60
Q

retina

A

the sensory membrane that lines the eye and is the immediate instrument of vision

61
Q

sclera

A

white outer coat of the eye

62
Q

semicircular canals

A

structures of the inner ear that are involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium

63
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum

64
Q

vestibule

A

small space or cavity at the beginning of a canal

65
Q

vitreous humor

A

jellylike mass that fills the cavity of the eyeball, behind the lens

66
Q

alveoli

A

microscopic air sacs in the lungs

67
Q

bronchi

A

two main branches of the trachea; air tubes to and from the lungs

68
Q

bronchioles

A

small branches of the bronchi; carry air in the lungs

69
Q

cilia

A

hairlike projections

70
Q

epiglottis

A

leaf-shaped structure that closes over the larynx during swallowing

71
Q

expiration

A

the expulsion of air from the lungs; breathing out air

72
Q

inspiration

A

breathing in; taking air into the lungs

73
Q

larynx

A

voice box, located between the pharynx and trachea

74
Q

lungs

A

organ of respiration located in the thoracic cavity

75
Q

nasal cavities

A

space between the cranium and the roof of the mouth

76
Q

nasal septum

A

bony and cartilaginous partition that separates the nasal cavity into two sections

77
Q

nose

A

the projection in the center of the face; the organ for smelling and breathing

78
Q

pharynx

A

the throat

79
Q

respiration

A

the process of taking in oxygen and expelling carbon dioxide by way of the lungs and air passages

80
Q

sinuses

A

cavity or air space in a bone

81
Q

tracheae

A

windpipe; air tube from the larynx to the bronchi

82
Q

ventilation

A

the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation

83
Q

alimentary canal

A

the digestive tract from the esophagus to the rectum

84
Q

anus

A

external opening of the anal canal, or rectum

85
Q

colon

A

the large intestine

86
Q

duodenum

A

first part of the small intestine; connects the pylorus of the stomach and the jejunum

87
Q

esophagus

A

tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach

88
Q

gallbladder

A

small sac near the liver; concentrates and stores bile

89
Q

hard palate

A

bony structure that forms the roof of the mouth

90
Q

ileum

A

final section of small intestine; connects the jejunum and large intestine

91
Q

jejunum

A

the middle section of the small intestine; connects the duodenum and ileum

92
Q

large intestine

A

the last section of the digestive system, where water is absorbed from food and the remaining material is eliminated from the body

93
Q

liver

A

largest gland in the body; located in the URQ of the abdomen; two of its main functions are excreting bile and storing glycogen

94
Q

mouth

A

oral cavity; opening the digestive tract, or alimentary canal

95
Q

pancreas

A

gland that is dorsal to the stomach and that secretes insulin and digestive juices

96
Q

peristalsis

A

rhythmic, wavelike motion of involuntary muscles

97
Q

pharynx

A

the throat

98
Q

rectum

A

The last part of the digestive tract, through which stools are eliminated

99
Q

salivary glands

A

glands of the mouth that produce saliva, a digestive secretion

100
Q

small intestine

A

that section of the intestine that is between the stomach and large intestine; site of most absorption of nutrients

101
Q

soft palate

A

tissue at the back of the roof of the mouth; separates the mouth from the nasopharynx

102
Q

stomach

A

enlarged section of the alimentary canal, between the esophagus and the small intestine; serves as an organ of digestion

103
Q

teeth

A

hard bony projections in the jaws for masticating food

104
Q

tongue

A

muscular organ of the mouth; aids in speech, swallowing, and taste

105
Q

vermiform appendix

A

a vestigial process that extends from the lower end of the cecum and that resembles a small pouch

106
Q

villi

A

tiny projections from a surface; in the small intestine, projections that aid in the absorption of nutrients

107
Q

bladder

A

membranous sac or storage area for a secretion; also, the vesicle that acts as the reservoir for urine

108
Q

Bowman’s capsule

A

part of the renal corpuscle in the kidney; picks up substances filtered from the blood by glomerulus

109
Q

cortex

A

the outer layer of an organ or structure

110
Q

glomerulus

A

microscopic cluster of capillaries in Bowman;s capsule of the nephron in the kidney

111
Q

kidneys

A

bean-shaped organ that excretes urine; located high and in back of the abdominal cavity

112
Q

medulla

A

inner, or central, portion of an organ

113
Q

nephrons

A

structural and functional unit of the kidney

114
Q

ureters

A

tube that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder

115
Q

urethra

A

tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to outside the body

116
Q

urinary meatus

A

external opening of the urethra

117
Q

urine

A

the fluid excreted by the kidney

118
Q

adrenal glands

A

a pair of endocrine glands that sit just above the kidneys and secrete hormones (epinephrine and norepinephrine) that help arouse the body in times of stress

119
Q

endocrine

A

ductless gland that produces an internal secretion discharged into the blood or lymph

120
Q

hormones

A

chemical substance secreted by an organ or gland

121
Q

ovaries

A

endocrine gland or gonad that produces hormones and the female sex cell, or ovum

122
Q

pancreas

A

gland that is dorsal to the stomach and that secretes insulin and digestive juices

123
Q

parathyroid glands

A

one of four small glands located on the thyroid gland; regulated calcium and phosphorus

124
Q

pineal body

A

a small endocrine gland in the brain

125
Q

pituitary gland

A

small, rounded endocrine gland at the base of the brain; regulates function of other endocrine glands and body processes

126
Q

placenta

A

temporary endocrine gland at the base of the brain; regulates function of other endocrine glands and body processes

127
Q

testes

A

gonads or endocrine glands that are located in the scrotum of the male and that produce sperm and male hormones

128
Q

thymus

A

organ in the upper part of the chest, lymphatic tissue, and endocrine gland that atrophies at puberty

129
Q

thyroid gland

A

endocrine gland that is located in the next and regulars body metabolism

130
Q

Bartholin’s glands

A

two small mucous glands near the vaginal opening

131
Q

breasts

A

mammary, or milk, gland located on the upper part of the front surface of the body

132
Q

Cowper’s glands

A

the pair of small mucous glands near the male urethra

133
Q

ejaculatory ducts

A

in the male, duct or tube from the seminal vesicle to the urethra

134
Q

endometrium

A

mucous membrane lining of the inner surface of the uterus

135
Q

epididymis

A

tightly coiled tube in the scrotal sac; connects the testes with the vas or ductus deferens

136
Q

fallopian tubes

A

oviducts; in the female, passageway for the ova from the ovary to uterus

137
Q

fertilization

A

conception; impregnation of the ovum by the sperm

138
Q

labia majora

A

two large folds of adipose tissue lying on each side of the vulva in the female

139
Q

labia minora

A

two folds of membrane lying inside the labia majora

140
Q

penis

A

external sex organ of the male

HOSA Bowl 2022 (35 decks)

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