History and Trends Flashcards
Morphine (opium)
from a poppy plant, used to treat severe pain, highly addictive
Digitalis
from the foxglove plant, used to strengthen and slow the heart rate
Quinine
from the bark of the cinchona tree, is used to treat fever and relieves muscle spasm, also prevents malaria
Belladonna (Atropopine)
from the poisonus night shade plant, relieves stomach pain.
Primitive Times (4000BC-3000BC)
· Belief that illness was punishment from Gods & Demons · Religion played an important part in health care during this time · Dissection was not permitted so exploring the structure of the body was limited · First physicians were witch doctors, tribal doctors, Shaman, or medicine men. (treated illness with ceremonies ex: exorcisms) · People were superstitious · Herbs & plants used as medicine - Foxglove leaves could be chewed to strengthen & slow down the heart · Foxglove is now given through IV, pills, or injections · Average life span: 20 years · Trepanation- o One of the first surgeries o A hole would be cut into the skull to release demons o This was believed to cure disease. (This often resulted in death)
Ancient Chinese (1700BC-AD220)
· Strong belief to cure the entire spirit & nourish the body · Used holistic health methods (treating the mind, body, & soul) · Used therapies such as acupuncture
Egyptians (3000BC-300BC)
· Wrote the first accurate health records · Prescriptions were written on papyrus · Temples were used for worships, medical schools, & hospitals · Priest were doctors · Embalming led to underst&ing of anatomy & disease · Embalming was done by priest · Gauze used to wrap bodies is much like the gauze used today · Most people could not read · Used bloodletting & leeches as medical treatments o Using leeches to suck out the ‘bad’ blood
Ancient Greeks (1200BC-200BC)
· Hippocrates’ knowledge of anatomy & physiology based on observation · Learned that disease is caused by natural cause & not demons · 1st to use massage & art therapy · Stressed that a good diet & cleanliness prevented disease
Ancient Romans (753BC-AD410)
· Developed sanitation systems (eg: sewers) · Created first hospitals · Cause of diseases still unknown & treatment is limited · Simple infections killed many · Average life span 25-30 years
Leonardo da Vinci
First to study and record the human body through pictures and paintings. He was a scientist, inventor, and artist. Born in Vinci, Italy on APril 15th, 1452.
William Harvey
Discovered the circulation of blood and the role of the heart in propelling it. Harvey developed an accurate theory of how the heart and ciculatory system operated. He speculated that humans and animals reproduced through the joining of an egg.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
invented the microscope.
Hippopcrates
Father of medicine. Created Hippocratic oath.
Edward Jenner
Discovered the small pox vacine.
Rene TH Laennec
Invented the stethoscope (lay a neck).