Medical Terminology for Health Professions Part 4 Flashcards
chondromalacia
abnormal softening of cartilage
chondroma
slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells
costochondritis
inflammation of cartilage that connects a rib to sternum
hallux valgus
abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe - bunion
hemarthrosis
blood within a joint
synovitis
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
dislocation
the total displacement of a bone from its joint
subluxation
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
arthritis
an inflammatory condition of one or more joints
osteoarthritis (OA)
most commonly associated with aging (wear-and-tear arthritis)
spondylosis
a degenerative disorder that can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
gouty arthritis
a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in the joints
rheumatoid arthritis
chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
ankylosing spondylitis
a form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
an autoimmune disorder that affects children aged 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
herniated disk
the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
lumbago
pain of the lumbar region of the spine
-ago
diseased condition
spondylolisthesis
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
-listhesis
slipping
spina bifida
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
kyphosis
an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side (dowager’s hump)
lordosis
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine (swayback)
scoliosis
an abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
craniostenosis
malformation of skull due to premature closure of cranial sutures
fibrous dysplasia
bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous tissue
ostealgia
pain in a bone
osteitis
an inflammation of bone
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of bones in adults
osteomyelitis
an inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
osteonecrosis
the death of bone tissue due to a lack of sufficient blood supply
Paget’s disease
a bone disease of unknown cause characterized by the excessive breakdown of bone tissue, followed by abnormal bone formation
periostitis
inflammation of periosteum
rickets
deficiency disease occurring in children - infantile osteomalacia
short stature
a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length
talipes
describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)
primary bone cancer
a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
secondary bone cancer
describes tumors that have metastasized to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs
myeloma
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
osteochondroma
a benign bony projection covered with cartilage - exostosis
osteoporosis (OP)
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging
osteopenia
thinner than average bone density in a young person - condition of someone who does not yet have osteoporosis
-penia
deficiency
compression fracture
occurs when the bone is pressed together (compressed) on itself
Colles’ fracture
occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands
osteoporotic hip fracture
usually caused by a weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall
fracture (Fx)
a broken bone
closed fracture
one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
open fracture
one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
comminuted fracture
one in which bone is splintered or crushed
greenstick fracture
one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken
oblique fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
pathologic fracture
occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain - due to osteoporosis or cancer
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
stress fracture
a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact
transverse fracture
occurs straight across the bone
fat embolus
can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
crepitation
grating sound heard when ends of a broken bone move together
callus
forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break as a bone heals
radiograph
use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities - x-ray
arthroscopy
the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
bone marrow biopsy
a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
magnetic resonance imaging
MRI, used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
bone density testing (BDT)
used to determine losses or changes in bone density
ultrasonic bone density testing
a screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
dual x-ray absorptiometry
low-exposure radiographic measurement of spine and hips to measure bone density
bone marrow transplant (BMT)
used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas, that affect bone marrow
allogenic bone marrow transplant
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
allogenic
originating with another
autologous bone marrow transplant
the patient receives his own bone marrow cells which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and then stored before the remaining bone marrow is destroyed
autologous
originating within an individual
autologous
originating within an individual
orthotic
a mechanical applicance, such as a leg brace or splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function
prosthesis
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated
arthrodesis
surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder - surgical anyylosis
arthrolysis
surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint - breaking down or destruction of joint
arthroscopic surgery
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
bursectomy
surgical removal of a bursa
chondroplasty
the surgical repair of damaged cartilage
synovectomy
surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
arthroplasty
surgical placement of an artificial joint
total knee replacement (TKR)
procedure in which all of the parts of the knee are replaced
partial knee replacement (PKR)
a procedure in which only part of knee is replaced
total hip replacement (THR)
performed to restore a adamaged hip to full function
bone-conserving hip resurfacing
function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum
revision surgery
replacement of a worn or failed implant
percutaneous diskectomy
performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk
percutaneous vertebroplasty
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures
laminectomy
the surgical removal of a lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra
spinal fusion
a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae
craniectomy
the surgical removal of a portion of the skull
craniotomy
surgical incision or opening into the skull
cranioplasty
the surgical repair of the skull
osteoclasis
the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
ostectomy
the surgical removal of bone
osteoplasty
the surgical repair of a bone or bones
osteorrhaphy
the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
osteotomy
a surgical incision or sectioning of a bone
periosteotomy
an incision through the periosteum to the bone
closed reduction (CR)
attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
immobilization
the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
traction
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
external fixation
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external applicance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
internal fixation
fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into bone to hold broken pieces in place
total hip arthroplasty (THA)
THA
total joint arthroplasty (TJA)
TJA
total knee arthroplasty (TKA)
TKA
bi-
twice, double, two
-cele
hernia, tumor, swelling
dys-
bad, difficult, or painful
fasci/o-
fascia, fibrous band
fibr/o-
fibrous tissue, fiber
-ia
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
-ic
pertaining to
kines/o-, kinesi/o-
movement
my/o-, myos/o-
muscle
muscul/o-
muscle
-plegia
paralysis, stroke (pg. 100)
-rrhexis
rupture
tax/o-
coordination, order
ten/o-, tend/o-, tendin/o-
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
ton/o-
tone, stretching, tension
tri-
three
muscle fibers
long, slender cells that make up muscles (pg. 101)
fascia
band of fibrous connective tissue that covers, supports, or separates muscles or groups of muscles (plural fasciae or fascias). (pg. 101)
myofascial
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia (pg. 101)
tendon
narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone, not to be confused with ligaments which connect bone to bone (pg. 101)
skeletal muscles
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible - voluntary / striated (pg. 102)
smooth muscles
located in the walls of internal organs such as digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands; move and control the flow of fluids through these structures - involuntary / unstriated / visceral (pg. 102)
myocardial muscles
form the muscular walls of the heart; striated but involuntary - myocardium / cardiac muscle (pg. 102)
cardi/o-
heart
muscle innervation
stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve (pg. 103)
neuromuscular
pertaining to the relationship between nerve and muscle (pg. 103)
-malacia
abnormal softening
poly-
many
-ceps
head
-algia, -dynia
pain
-itis
inflammation
-penia
deficiency
brady-
slow
-asthenia
weakness or lack of strength
epi-
on
-paresis
partial or incomplete paralysis
hemi-
half
quadr/i-
four
-otomy
surgical incision
-lysis
to set free
-desis
to bind or tie together
aponeurosis 96
sheetlike fibrous connective tissue that resembles a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or as a meas of connecting muscle to bone
contraction
tightening of a muscle - becomes shorter and thicker, causing the belly of the muscle to enlarge (pg. 103)
relaxation
muscle returns to its original form - becomes longer and thinner, and belly is no longer enlarged (pg. 103)
abduction
movement AWAY from midline of the body - abductor moves away (pg. 103)
ab-
away from
duct
to lead
-ion
action
adduction
movement TOWARD the midline of the body - adductor moves toward (pg. 103)
ad-
towards
flexion
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at the joint (pg. 104)
flex
to bend (pg. 104)
extension
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening of a limb (pg. 104)
ex-
out, away from
tens-
to stretch out
hyperextension
extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit (pg. 104)
elevation
the act of raising or lifting a body part (pg. 104)
depression
the act of lowering a body part
rotation
circular movement around an axis (pg. 104)
circumduction
circular movement of a limb at the far end (pg. 104)
supination
act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward (pg. 105)
pronation
rotating the arm or leg so that the palm or sole is turned downward or backward (pg. 105)
dorsiflexion
movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle - opposite of plantar flexion (pg. 105)
plantar flexion
movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle - opposite of dorsiflexion (pg. 105)
origin
place where muscle begins, located nearest the midline of the body or a less movable part of the skeleton - the less movable attachment (pg. 105)
insertion
place where muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon, farthest point from midline - more moveable attachment (pg. 105)
cleid/o
collar bone (pg. 105)
pectoralis major
thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall (pg. 106)
lateralis
toward the side (pg. 107)
vastus lateralis
muscle toward the outer side of the leg. Extends leg at the knee; part of the quadriceps group (pg. 107)
medialis
toward the midline (pg. 107)
vastus medialis
muscle toward the midline of the leg. Extends leg at the knee; part of the quadriceps group (pg. 107)
oblique
slanted, at an angle, slanted alignment (pg. 107)
rectus
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body (pg. 108)
sphincter
ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway, named for the passage involved (pg. 108)
transverse
in a crosswise direction (pg. 108)
biceps brachii
located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow, formed from two divisions (pg. 108)
triceps brachii
located in the posterior upper arm, flexes the elbow, formed from three divisions (pg. 108)
gluteus maximus
largest muscle of the buttock, maximus means great or large (pg. 108)
deltoid muscle
shaped like an inverted triangle or the Greek letter delta - forms the muscular cap of the shoulder (pg. 108)
hamstring group
located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles–biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus–supports knee flexion and hip extension (pg. 109)
