Maslow: Holistic-Dynamic Theory Flashcards
this theory assumes that the whole person is constantly being motivated by one need or another and that people have the potential to grow toward psychological health, that is, self-actualization (Maslow)
holistic-dynamic theory
this concept of Maslow assumes that lower-level needs must be satisfied or at least relatively satisfied before higher-level needs become motivators
hierarchy of needs
what are the five needs that compose the hierarchy of needs called? (Maslow)
conative needs, meaning that they have a striving or motivational character
can you list Maslow’s needs in order of their prepotency?
physiological, safety, love and belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization
these needs are the most prepotent of all (Maslow)
physiological needs
how do physiological needs differ from other needs? (Maslow)
First, they are the only needs that can be completely satisfied or even overly satisfied
Second, their recurring nature
these needs include physical security, stability, dependency, protection, and freedom from threatening forces such as war, terrorism, illness, fear, anxiety, danger, chaos, and natural disasters (Maslow)
security needs
how do safety needs differ from physiological needs? (Maslow)
they cannot be overly satiated; people can never be completely protected from meteorites, fires, floods, or the
dangerous acts of others
these needs include the desire for friendship; the wish for a mate and children; the need to belong to a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation (Maslow)
love and belongingness needs
what are the three groups of people regarding how much their love and belongingness needs have been met (Maslow)
first, those who have been adequately meet and are confident that the people important to them will accept them
second, those who have never experienced love and thus are incapable of giving love
third, those who have only received love in small does and thus are strongly motivated to seek it.
these needs include self-respect, confidence, competence, and the
knowledge that others hold them in high esteem (Maslow)
esteem needs
is the perception of the
prestige, recognition, or fame a person has achieved in the eyes of others (Maslow)
reputation
these needs include self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word (Maslow)
self-actualization needs
what are the three other categories of needs present in Maslow’s theory?
aesthetic, cognitive, and neurotic
these needs are not universal but at least some people in every culture seem to be motivated by the need for beauty and aesthetically pleasing experiences (Maslow)
aesthetic needs
these needs talk about how most people have a desire to know, to solve mysteries, to understand, and to be curious.
when these needs are blocked, all needs on Maslow’s hierarchy are threatened
cognitive needs
What does Maslow believe about healthy people?
Healthy people desire to know more, to
theorize, to test hypotheses, to uncover mysteries, or to find out how something
works just for the satisfaction of knowing
these needs are nonproductive
they perpetuate an unhealthy
style of life and have no value in the striving for self-actualization
are usually reactive (Maslow)
neurotic needs
what is Maslow’s estimate for the satisfaction of needs of a hypothetical average person
85% physiological
70% safety
50% love and belongingness
40% esteem
10% self-actualization
the more a lower-level need is satisfied, the greater the emergence of the next-level need.
what is the difference between expressive behavior and coping behavior? (Maslow)
expressive behavior is often unmotivated while coping behavior is always motivated and aimed at satisfying a need.
(Maslow) is often an end in itself and serves no other purpose than to be
is frequently unconscious and usually takes place naturally and with little effort
has no goals or aim but is merely the person’s mode of expression
usually unlearned, spontaneous, and determined
by forces within the person rather than by the environment
expressive behavior
(Maslow) is ordinarily conscious, effortful, learned,
and determined by the external environment
involves the individual’s attempts to cope with the environment; secure food and shelter; make friends; and receive acceptance, appreciation, and prestige from others
coping behavior
(Maslow) as the absence of values, the lack of fulfillment, and the loss of meaning in life
metapathology
(Maslow) these human needs are innately determined even though they can be modified by learning
instinctoid needs
(Maslow) what are the four criterions for separating instinctoid needs from physiological needs?
first, the level of pathology upon frustration
second, instinctoid needs are persistent and their satisfaction leads to psychological heal
third, instinctoid needs are species-specific
fourth, instinctoid needs can be molded inhibited, or altered by environmental influences
(Maslow) what is the crtiera for self-actualization?
first, free from psychopathology
second, had progressed through the hierarchy of needs and therefore lived above the subsistence level of existence and had no ever-present threat to their safety
third, embracing of the B-values
fourth, full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialities, etc
(Maslow) what are b-values?
These “Being” values are indicators of psychological health and are opposed to deficiency needs, which motivate non-self-actualizers
the ultimate level of needs
what does Maslow call the motives of self-actualizing people?
metamotivation
(Maslow) what differentiates self-actualizing people from those who are not
METAMOTIVATION
(Maslow) what happens when one is deprived of any of the B-values?
metapathology, or the lack of a meaningful philosophy of life
(Maslow) what are the characteristics of self-actualizing people?
more efficient perception of reality
acceptance of self, others, and nature
spontaneous, simple, and natural
are concerned with problems outside of themselves
need for privacy
autonomous
continued freshness of appreciation
had peak experiences
has social interest
possess democratic values
set their sights on ends rather than means
philosophical sense of humour
creative
resistant to enculturation
(Maslow) what is D-love?
deficiency love
(Maslow) what is b-love
love for the essence or “Being” of the other.
(Maslow) the type of science that lacks emotion, joy, wonder, awe, and rapture
desacralization
(Maslow) what does to resacralize mean?
to instill something with human values, emotion, and ritual
(Maslow) what type of attitude should one have for psychology, according to Maslow
a taostic attitude since it allows one to be noninterfering, passive, and receptive.
(Maslow) what complex is about the fear of being one’s best?
represents a fear of success, a fear of being one’s best, and a feeling of
awesomeness in the presence of beauty and perfection
Jonah complex
(Maslow) is a relatively new field of psychology that combines an emphasis on hope, optimism, and well-being with scientific research and assessment
positive psychology
(Maslow) extremely positive experiences that involve a sense of awe, wonder, and reverence
peak experiences
(Maslow) is a standardized test designed to measure self-actualizing values and behavior
Personal Orientation Inventory
what does Maslow say about psychotherapy?
Psychotherapy should be directed at the need level currently being
thwarted, in most cases love and belongingness needs
