GLOSSARY Flashcards
Adlerian safeguarding tendency whereby
one protects magnified feelings of self-esteem by
blaming others for one’s own failures.
accusation
Technique used by Jung to uncover
collective unconscious material. Patients are asked to
concentrate on an image until a series of fantasies are
produced.
active imagination
Tendency within all
people to move toward completion or fulfillment of
potentials. (ROGERS)
actualizing tendency
An important psychosocial
stage when ego identity should be formed.
is characterized by puberty and the crisis of identity
versus identity confusion.
adolescence (ERIKSON)
The stage from about ages 31 to
60 that is characterized by the psychosexual mode of procreativity and the crisis of generativity versus
stagnation.
adulthood (ERIKSON)
Needs for art, music,
beauty, and the like (MASLOW)
aesthetic needs (MASLOW)
Safeguarding tendencies that may
include depreciation or accusation of others as well as
self-accusation, all designed to protect exaggerated
feelings of personal superiority by striking out against
other people.
aggression (Adler)
One of two primary instincts or drives that motivate people
is the outward
manifestation of the death instinct (FREUD)
aggression (FREUD)
Freudian term for a person who is
characterized by compulsive neatness, stubbornness, and
miserliness.
anal character
Sometimes called the anal-sadistic
phase, this second stage of the infantile period is characterized by a child’s attempts to gain pleasure from
the excretory function and by such related behaviors as
destroying or losing objects, stubbornness, neatness, and miserliness.
Corresponds roughly to the second year of
life. (FREUD)
anal phase
anal triad (FREUD)
The three traits of compulsive
neatness, stubbornness, and miserliness that characterize
the anal character.
Erikson’s term for the young child’s psychosexual mode of adapting.
anal-urethral-muscular
Theory of personality and approach to psychotherapy founded by Carl Jung
analytical psychology
Jungian archetype that represents the feminine component in the personality of males and originates
from men’s inherited experiences with women
anima
Jungian archetype that represents the masculine
component in the personality of females and originates
from women’s inherited experiences with men.
animus
A felt, affective, unpleasant state accompanied
by the physical sensation of uneasiness.
anxiety
The recognition that the events with
which one is confronted lie outside the range of
convenience of one’s construct system.
anxiety (Kelly)
The experience of the threat of
imminent nonbeing.
anxiety (MAY)
Feelings of uneasiness or tension with an unknown cause.
anxiety (ROGERS)
Any tension that interferes with
satisfaction of needs
anxiety (SULLIVAN)
Dynamism that reduces tensions of
needs through the adoption of an indifferent attitude.
apathy (SULLIVAN)
Jung’s concept that refers to the contents of the collective unconscious
also called
primordial images or collective symbols, represent psychic patterns of inherited behavior and are thus distinguished from instincts, which are physical impulses toward action
archetypes
A predisposition to act or react in a
characteristic manner, that is, in either an introverted or an extraverted direction.
attitude (Jung)
The tendency to give up one’s independence and to unite with another person or persons in order to gain strength.
Takes the form of masochism or sadism
authoritarianism (Fromm)
Feelings of isolation and helplessness in a potentially hostile world.
basic anxiety (Horney)
Private or parataxic
language that makes little or no sense to other people.
autistic language (SULLIVAN)
The feeling of being alone and isolated, separated from the natural world.
basic anxiety (Fromm)
Anxiety arising from inability to satisfy physiological and safety needs.
basic anxiety (Maslow)
The incompatible tendency to
move toward, against, and away from people.
basic conflict (Horney)
Repressed feelings of rage that originate during childhood when children fear that their parents will not satisfy their needs for safety and
satisfaction.
basic hostility (Horney)
The ego quality that emerges from the
conflict between antithetical elements in Erikson’s stages
of development.
basic strength
McCrae and Costa’s term for the
universal raw material of personality.
basic tendencies
The possibility of a
particular response occurring at a given time and place
as calculated in relation to the reinforcement of that response.
behavior potential (Rotter)
Skinner’s approach to studying behavior that assumes that human conduct is shaped
primarily by the individual’s personal history of reinforcement and secondarily by natural selection and
cultural practices.
behavioral analysis
An individual’s unique and stable pattern of behaving
differently in different situations.
behavioral signature of personality (Mischel)
A “school” of psychology that limits its subject matter to observable behavior
John B. Watson is usually credited with being the founder
with B. F. Skinner its most notable
proponent
behaviorism
Love of life.
biophilia
Traits with two poles: that is, those traits scaled from a minus point to a positive point, with zero representing the midpoint.
bipolar traits
Love between self-actualizing people and characterized by the love for the being of
the other
B-love (Maslow)
The values of self-actualizing people, including beauty, truth, goodness, justice, wholeness, and the like.
B-values (Maslow)
Learning by which a neutral stimulus becomes associated with a meaningful stimulus and acquires the capacity to elicit a similar response.
classical conditioning
Personal disposition so
dominating that it cannot be hidden.
Most people do not
have this
cardinal disposition (Allport)
An explanation of behavior in terms of past experiences.
causality
A commitment to take care of the people and things that one has learned to care for.
care (Erikson)
Condition that
accompanies the Oedipus complex, but takes different forms in the two sexes
In boys, it takes the form of castration anxiety, or fear of having one’s penis removed and is responsible for shattering the Oedipus complex.
In girls, it takes the form of penis envy, or the desire to have a penis, and it precedes and instigates the Oedipus
complex
castration complex
The process of removing or lessening
psychological disorders by talking about one’s problems.
catharsis
Kelly’s assumption that people choose the alternative in a dichotomized construct that they perceive will extend their range of future choices.
choice corollary
The 5 to 10 personal
traits around which a person’s life focuses.
central dispositions (Allport)
Unique qualities of an individual that include such attributes as temperament, physique, intelligence, and other aptitudes.
characteristic
Productive or
nonproductive patterns of reacting to the world of things and the world of people.
character orientation (Fromm)
Acquired personality structures that develop as people adapt to their environment.
characteristic adaptations (McCrae and Costa)
An unintended
meeting of persons unfamiliar to each other.
chance encounter (Bandura)
Relatively permanent acquired qualities through which people relate themselves to
others and to the world.
character (Fromm)
Approach to psychotherapy
originated by Rogers, which is based on respect for the person’s capacity to grow within a nurturing climate
client-centered therapy
Needs for knowledge and understanding; related to basic or conative needs, yet
operating on a different dimension.
cognitive needs (Maslow)
Mischel’s theory that views people as active, goal-directed individuals capable of exerting influence on both their situation and themselves.
cognitive-affective personality theory
The confidence people
have that their combined efforts will produce social
change.
collective efficacy (Bandura)
Jung’s idea of an inherited unconscious, which is responsible for many of our behaviors, ideas, and dream images
lies beyond our personal experiences
and originates with repeated experiences of our ancestors.
collective unconscious
Kelly’s theory that personal constructs of people with similar experiences tend to be
similar.
commonality corollary
People’s cognitive and
behavioral construction of what they can and cannot do, based on their observations of the world, themselves,
and others
competencies (Mischel)
An emotionally toned conglomeration
of ideas that comprise the contents of the personal unconscious.
complex (Jung)
Needs that pertain to willful and purposive striving, for example Maslow’s hierarchy of
needs.
conative needs
Restrictions or
qualifications attached to one person’s regard for another.
conditions of worth (Rogers)
Environmental
event that is not by nature satisfying but becomes so because it is associated with unlearned or unconditioned
reinforcers such as food, sex, and the like
conditioned reinforcer (Skinner)
Means of escaping from
isolation and aloneness by giving up one’s self and becoming whatever others desire.
conformity (Fromm)
The part of the superego that results from experience with punishment and that, therefore, tells a person what is wrong or improper
conduct.
conscience (Freud)
The matching of organismic experiences with awareness and with the ability to express those experiences
One of three “necessary and sufficient” therapeutic conditions.
congruence (Rogers)
Those mental elements in awareness at any given time.
conscious (Freud)
Mischel’s term for the
observation that clinical intuition and the perceptions of laypeople suggest that behavior is consistent, whereas research finds that it is not.
consistency paradox
Safeguarding
tendency in which people create a barrier to their own success, thus allowing them to protect their self-esteem by either using the barrier as an excuse for failure or by
overcoming it.
constructing obstacles (Adler)
Mental images that are sensed by the ego and that play a relatively minor role in Jungian
theory.
conscious (Jung)
Kelly’s assumption that people anticipate events according to their interpretations of
recurrent themes.
construction corollary
Kelly’s view that events
can be looked at (construed) from a different (alternative) perspective
constructive alternativism
The reinforcement of
an organism for every correct trial; opposed to the intermittent schedule in which only certain selected
responses are reinforced.
continuous schedule (Skinner)
A psychosocial disorder at any of the eight stages of development that results from too little basic strength.
core pathology (Erikson)
People’s construction of who they really are; their sense of identity that provides a guide
for living.
core role (Kelly)
A mathematical index used to measure the direction and magnitude of the relationship
between two variables.
correlation coefficient
The realm of philosophy dealing with the
nature of causation.
cosmology
Strong, undeserved feelings that the therapist develops toward the patient during the course of treatment
These feelings can be either positive or negative and are considered by most writers to be a hindrance to successful psychotherapy
countertransference
Adler’s term for what he believed to be an inner freedom that empowers each of us to create our
own style of life.
creative power
An existential term meaning a sense of self as a free and responsible person whose existence is
embedded in the world of things, of people, and of self-awareness.
Dasein
Approach to factor analytical theories of personality that gathers data on the basis of previously determined hypotheses or theories, reasoning from the general to the particular
deductive method
Techniques such as
repression, reaction formation, sublimation, and the like, whereby the ego defends itself against the pain of
anxiety.
defense mechanisms (Freud)
Protection of the self-concept against anxiety and threat by denial and distortion of
experiences that are inconsistent with it.
defensiveness (Rogers)
Adlerian safeguarding tendency whereby
another’s achievements are undervalued and one’s own are overvalued.
depreciation
The blocking of an experience or
some aspect of an experience from awareness because it
is inconsistent with the self-concept.
denial (Rogers)
Feelings of anxiety over
losing a loved object coupled with a sense of guilt for wanting to destroy that object.
depressive position (Klein)
A reference to the observation that
some people some of the time will prefer more valued delayed rewards over lesser valued immediate ones
delay of gratification
The process of removing respect, joy, awe, and rapture from an experience, which
then purifies or objectifies that experience.
desacralization (Maslow)
Eysenck accepted this model of psychiatric illness, which suggests that some people are
vulnerable to illness because they have both genetic and an acquired weakness that predisposes them to an illness.
diathesis-stress model
Kelly’s assumption that people construe events in an either/or (dichotomous) manner.
dichotomy corollary
Method of escaping from freedom by eliminating people or objects, thus restoring
feelings of power.
destructiveness (Fromm)
The displacement or diffusion of responsibility for the
injurious effects of one’s actions.
disengagement of internal control (Bandura)
A Freudian defense mechanism in
which unwanted urges are redirected onto other objects or people in order to disguise the original impulse.
displacement
The least characteristic and reliable personal traits that still appear
with some regularity in an individual’s life.
secondary dispositions (Allport)
Deficiency love or affection (attachment) based on the lover’s specific deficiency and
the loved one’s ability to satisfy that deficit
D-love (Maslow)
Misinterpretation of an experience so that it is seen as fitting into some aspect of the self-concept.
distortion (Rogers)
The process of separating unwanted impulses, desires, and needs from the self-system.
dissociation (Sullivan)
The therapeutic procedure designed to uncover unconscious material by having a
patient free associate to dream images
dream analysis (Freud)
Relatively consistent patterns of action that characterize the person throughout a lifetime.
Similar to traits or habit patterns
dynamisms (Sullivan)
Erikson’s term for the negative element in
each pair of opposites that characterizes the eight stages of development
dystonic
The second stage of
psychosocial development, characterized by the
anal-urethral-muscular psychosexual mode and by the crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt
early childhood (Erikson)
Technique proposed by Adler to understand the pattern or theme that runs throughout a
person’s style of life.
early recollections
Approach that allows selection of usable
elements from different theories or approaches and combines them in a consistent and unified manner.
eclectic
The province of the mind that refers to the
“I” or those experiences that are owned (not necessarily consciously) by the person
the only region of the
mind in contact with the real world
is said to
serve the reality principle
ego (Freud)
The part of the superego that results
from experiences with reward and that, therefore teaches a person what is right or proper conduct.
ego-ideal (Freud)
The center of consciousness
is of lesser importance than the more inclusive self and is limited to consciousness.
ego (Jung)
An existentialist term meaning the world of
one’s relationship to self
One of three simultaneous
modes of being-in-the-world.
Eigenwelt
Imaginary traits
attributed to real or imaginary people in order to protect
one’s self-esteem
eidetic personifications (Sullivan)
The accurate sensing of
the feelings of another and the communication of these perceptions
One of three “necessary and sufficient” therapeutic conditions
empathic listening (Rogers)
Making choices that will
increase a person’s range of future choices.
elaborative choice (Kelly)
An indefinite process through which anxiety is transferred from one person to another,
for example, from mother to infant.
empathy (Sullivan)
Based on experience, systematic observation, and experiment rather than on logical
reasoning or philosophical speculation.
empirical
The assumption that
behaviors that move people in the direction of their goals are more likely to be reinforced
empirical law of effect (Rotter)
People’s ways of
transforming stimulus inputs into information about themselves, other people, and the world
encoding strategies (Mischel)
Overt or covert
actions designed to satisfy needs or reduce anxiety.
energy transformations (Sullivan)
The need to develop, to
grow, and to achieve.
enhancement needs (Rogers)
Erikson’s term meaning that one component grows out of another in its proper time and
sequence.
epigenetic principle
The branch of philosophy that deals
with the nature of knowledge
epistemology
the desire for an enduring union with a loved one.
eros
Organs of the body that are especially sensitive to the reception of pleasure
In Freudian theory, the three principal _______ _____ are the mouth, anus, and genitals
erogenous zones
The freedom of being or the freedom of the conscious mind
cannot be limited by chains or bars.
essential freedom (May)
The fourth level on Maslow’s hierarchy
of needs; they include self-respect, competence, and the
perceived esteem of others
esteem needs
The scientific study of the characteristic
behavior patterns of animals.
ethology
A complete lack of tension.
euphoria (Sullivan)
The core pathology of young adulthood marked by a person’s exclusion of certain
people, activities, and ideas.
exclusivity (Erikson)
The freedom of doing one’s will
can be limited by chains or bars.
existential freedom (May)
Rogers’s term indicating a tendency to live in the moment.
existential living
Adlerian safeguarding tendencies whereby
the person, through the use of reasonable sounding justifications, becomes convinced of the reality of self-erected obstacles
excuses
Peculiarly human needs
aimed at moving people toward a reunification with the natural world
Fromm listed relatedness, transcendence,
rootedness, a sense of identity, and a frame of
orientation as ______?
existential needs (Fromm)
Kelly’s view that people
continually revise their personal constructs as the result of experience
experience corollary
People who take
from others, by either force or cunning.
exploitative characters (Fromm)
The subjective probability held by a
person that any specific reinforcement or set of
reinforcements will occur in a given situation.
expectancy
Knowledge, views, and evaluations of the self.
external influences (McCrae and Costa)
People’s perception of
other people’s view of them
external evaluations (Rogers)
The tendency of a previously acquired
response to become progressively weakened upon nonreinforcement
extinction
The positive or
negative value of any reinforcing event as seen from the view of societal or cultural values.
external reinforcement (Rotter)
One of three types of
superfactors identified by Eysenck and consisting of two opposite poles—extraversion and introversion.
Extraverts are characterized behaviorally by sociability and impulsiveness and physiologically by a low level of cortical arousal
Introverts, by contrast, are characterized
by unsociability and caution and by a high level of cortical arousal.
extraversion (E) (Eysenck)
An attitude or type marked by the
turning outward of psychic energy so that a person is oriented toward the objective world.
extraversion (Jung)
A mathematical procedure for reducing
a large number of variables to a few; used by Eysenck and others to identify personality traits and factors
factor analysis
A unit of personality derived through factor
analysis
However, the term is sometimes used more
generally to include any underlying aspect of
personality
factor
the amount of correlation that a score
contributes to a given factor
factor loadings
An attribute of a theory that allows research
to either support or fail to support that theory’s major tenets.
falsifiable
A specific threat to one’s personal constructs
fear (Kelly)
A rational function that tells us the value of something
can be either
extraverted (directed toward the objective world)
or
introverted (directed toward the subjective world).
feeling (Jung)
A belief or expectation of the future that serves to motivate present behavior
the truthfulness of this is immaterial, because the person acts as if the idea were true.
fiction (Adler)
a defense mechanism that arises when
psychic energy is blocked at one stage of development, thus making change or psychological growth difficult.
fixation
Reinforcement schedule in which the organism is reinforced intermittently
according to a specified number of responses it makes
fixed-ratio (Skinner)
the nonproductive form of rootedness marked by a reluctance to grow beyond the security provided by one’s mother
fixation (Fromm)
Intermittent reinforcement
schedule whereby the organism is reinforced for its first response following a designated period of time
fixed-interval (Skinner)
Tendency in all matter
to evolve from simpler to more complex forms.
formative tendency (Rogers)
Environmental events
that are unexpected and unintended.
fortuitous events (Bandura)
Kelly’s assumption that
behavior is sometimes inconsistent because one’s construct systems can admit incompatible elements
fragmentation corollary
The need for humans
to develop a unifying philosophy or consistent way of
looking at things.
frame of orientation (Fromm)
Technique used in Freudian psychotherapy in which the therapist instructs the patient
to verbalize every thought that comes to mind, no matter
how irrelevant or repugnant it may appear
free association
the mean expectancy
of being reinforced for performing all those behaviors that are directed toward the satisfaction of some general need.
freedom of movement (Rotter)
Slips of the tongue or pen, misreading,
incorrect hearing, temporary forgetting of names and intentions, and the misplacing of objects, all of which are
caused by unconscious wishes.
Also called parapraxes.
Freudian Slips
The tendency for
some motives to become independent from the original
motive responsible for the behavior
functional autonomy (Allport)
the transfer of the effects of one
learning situation to another
generalization
Expectation based
on similar past experiences that a given behavior will be
reinforced.
generalized expectancy (Rotter)
A conditioned
reinforcer that has been associated with several primary reinforcers.
Money is an example because it is associated with food, shelter, and
other primary reinforcers.
generalized reinforcer (Skinner)
Period of life beginning with puberty and continuing through adulthood and marked
by full sexual identity
genitality (Erikson)
Erikson’s term for the preschool child’s psychosexual mode of adapting.
genital-locomotor
Comparable to Freud’s phallic stage: that is, the time around ages 3 to 5 when the Oedipus complex reaches its culmination.
genital stage (Klein)
Period of life beginning with puberty and continuing through adulthood and marked
by full sexual identity.
genital stage (Freud)
An ontological characteristic of human
existence arising from our separation from the natural world (Umwelt), from other people (Mitwelt), or from
oneself (Eigenwelt).
guilt (May)
A Jungian archetype representing the myth of the godlike man who conquers or vanquishes evil, usually in the form of a monster, dragon, or serpent
hero
Jungian archetype of the opposing forces of fertility and destruction.
great mother
The sense of having lost one’s core role
structure
guilt (Kelly)
Safeguarding tendency
characterized by vacillation or procrastination designed to provide a person with the excuse “It’s too late now.”
hesitating (Adler)
Maslow’s concept that needs are ordered in such a manner that those on a lower level
must be satisfied before higher level needs become activated.
hierarchy of needs
Maslow’s theory of personality, which stresses both the unity of the organism and the motivational aspects of personality
holistic-dynamic
People who seek to
save and not let go of material possessions, feelings, or ideas.
hoarding characters (Fromm)
the ability of people to
use cognitive abilities to control their lives
human agency (Bandura)
