Mary I: restoration of papal authority

Question 1

Who were Mary’s most influential advisors?

Answer 1

Cardinal Pole, Charles V and Simon Renard

Question 2

what was unusual about Mary’s privy chamber?

Answer 2

7 members were women

Question 3

when was the first parliament

Answer 3

August 1553

Question 4

How effective was Mary’s government?

Effective government:

Answer 4

• succeeded in restoring catholicism
• no rebellions after Wyatt
• Marquis of Winchester, who served as Lord Treasurer under Edward VI, provided continuity in financial policy

Question 5

How effective was Mary’s government?

Lack of effective government:

Answer 5

• due to early death, Mary failed to restore Catholicism on a permanent basis
• marriage to Phillip II was a failure: provoked the Wyatt rebellion, didn’t produce Catholic heir Mary desperately wanted, involved England in a war against France

Question 6

What did the first Parliament achieve?

Answer 6

Restored the service in place in 1547 and repealed most of Edward’s religious legislation

Question 7

How did Mary organise her Privy Council which was different to Henry and Edward?

Answer 7

It had both Catholics and Reformers

Question 8

What was Pope Julius III’s view on the restoration?

Answer 8

England could only return to the fold if all monastery land was returned

Question 9

Council of Trent

Answer 9

• 1545-1563

- allowed clergymen to come together and form a defence for all aspects of catholicism disputed by protestants

Question 10

act of repeal

Answer 10

• 1553

- reinstated the six articles

Question 11

second act of repeal

Answer 11

• 1554

- reversed all anti-papal legislation

Question 12

the second parliament

Answer 12

• 1554
• The only bill to be passed was the restoration of the bishopric of Durham; other proposed bills included statutes against Lollards and heretics

Question 13

Third parliament

Answer 13

• November 1554
• A statute of repeal returned religion to that of 1529 on the agreement that monastic lands would not be returned to the Church

Question 14

Heresy laws

Answer 14

• 1555
• to secure the religious conversion of the country
• regarded as a religious and civil offence amounting to treason to believe in a different religion from the Sovereign (catholicism)

Question 15

Mary succeeded in making England a catholic country by 1558

Answer 15

• brought back mass and catholic doctrines e.g. transubstantiation, clerical celibacy
• didn’t rely solely on persecution to restore catholicism: cardinal pole cracked down on clerical abuses e.g. pluralism, non-residence, cath translation of the New Testament, cath book of Homilies
• burnings not as unpopular as assumed: accumulated large crowds in support of catholicism
• parliament agreed to restoration of the mass 1553 and restoration of heresy laws in 1554
• evidence suggests Mary’s policies were succeeding and ultimately failed b/c she died early

Question 16

Mary failed in making England a catholic country by 1558

Answer 16

• Mary’s policies didn’t have enough time to make an impact before they were revered
• ultimately failed policies because of her early death
• failed to leave a catholic heir, enabling Elizabeth to restore protestantism
• M could restore the Mass, clerical celibacy, the papal supremacy etc but not the monasteries of chantries b/c the gentry who had brought their lands were determined to hold onto them