Henry VII: key terms Flashcards
Enclosure
The fencing off of land from open fields with the ending of all common rights over it
Merchant Adventurers
Powerful company based in London which exported cloth and imported foreign goods in return
Custom duties
Money paid on goods entering or leaving the country. Money came from tunnage (taxes on exports) and poundage (taxes on imports)
‘The Great Chain of Being’
Hierarchical society ordered by God
Divine Right of Kings
The belief that monarchs were ruling on behalf of God - therefore, if a monarch’s subject disobeyed the monarch, they were disobeying God
Secular
The opposite of sacred i.e. non spiritual things
Laity/laymen
A general term referring to people who had not been trained and accepted as priests
Indulgences
a payment made to the church to ensure that you go to heaven and not be stuck in purgatory or hell
Humanism
movement that focused on human potential and achievements (humanists believed in the Catholic faith - their work affected not only religion but also politics and economics)
Dynasty
A line of hereditary rulers of the same country
Royal progress
Tour of the kingdom
Cardinal
Senior official of Catholic Church, having the right to vote in the election of a Pope
Act of Attainder
- led to a family losing the right to possess its land as well as the right to inherit its land
- would ruin a family
- ood behaviour could then lead to a reversal of the attainder
Patronage
- the giving of positions of power; titles and land etc
- first rewarded were supporters in BOB
- Jasper Tudor Duke of Bedford
- Thomas Stanley Earl of Derby
Retaining
The practice by which a nobleman kept a large number of men as his personal staff as gangs of enforcers
Council Learned in the Law
Offshoot from the main Royal Council which assumed control of all financial matters relating to Crown Lands
JPs
Justices of the Peace
Responsible for keeping public order
Star Chamber
Responsible for prosecuting anyone who behaved in a rebellious or lawless manner
Feudal dues
Tradition rights held by the Crown to demand money, deriving from the principle that the Kings was the sole owner of all the kingdom’s land and that others held it as tenants
Relief
Paid by an heir when he received his inheritance
Relief
Paid by an heir when he received his inheritance
Wardship
Control of the estates of heirs under adult age, which allowed the King to manage these lands for his own profit
Livery
Payment made by a ward on reaching adulthood and taking control of his lands
Bonds and recognisances
Written agreements where nobles either paid for offences they had committed or paid money as security for future good behaviour
Loans and benevolences
The King’s right to ask for financial help in particular emergencies
Clerical taxes
Special taxes which the King could levy on the Church
New World
Term being used to describe the continent of America that was discovered by Spanish sailors during the reign of Henry VII
Hanseatic League
A league of German towns which dominated trade in the Baltic. They aimed to maintain a monopoly of trade there
Dowry
An amount of property or money brought by a bride to her husband on their marriage
Papal dispensation
Permission required from the Pope in order to be exempted from the laws or observances of the Church
Chamber
The private areas of the court; also a key department for the efficient collection of royal revenues
Extraordinary revenue
Money raised by the king from additional sources as one-off payments when he faced an emergency or an unforeseeable expense of government; this could be made up of parliamentary grants, loans or clerical taxes
Fifteenths and Tenths
Standard form of taxation, calculated in the fourteenth century, paid by towns and boroughs to the Crown
Privy Chamber
Comprising the close personal servants of the monarch; its members had direct access to the monarch and therefore could influence him or her more directly
Purgatory
The state in which the souls of the dead were purged of their sins before they could enter the kingdom of heaven
Purgatory
The state in which the souls of the dead were purged of their sins before they could enter the kingdom of heaven
Faction
Dissenting group of people
Legitimacy
The hereditary right of a monarch to rule
Legitimacy
The hereditary right of a monarch to rule
Protector of the Realm
Acting for the absent monarchic head of state
Pretender
A pretender is someone who maintains a claim that they are entitled to a position of honour or rank
Usurper
Seized the throne from a king/queen with a more legitimate claim to rule
Usurper
Seized the throne from a king/queen with a more legitimate claim to rule
The Groom of the Stool
This person was in charge of the Privy Chamber
The Court
Group of people who moved from place to place with the King
Illegitimacy
The status of a child born outside of marriage
Gentry
Landowners; sat in the House of Commons; served as JPs; many were trained as lawyers
Yeomen and labourers
Farmers who owned land; some employed several labourers
Merchants and craftsmen
Traded with cities across Europe; often wealthy; often owned their own business and employed others
Nobility
Dukes and earls; owned large amounts of land; influential in the localities and governed parts of the kingdom on the king’s behalf; sat on Council and attended Court; members of the House of Lords
Archbishop
A bishop of the highest rank
Bishops
Local church leaders within the Roman Catholic Church
Clergy
Church officials
Magnate
A member of the higher ranks of the nobility
