Mammal Reproduction

Question 1

Define puberty in terms of mammals

Answer 1

Period where secondary sex characteristics start o form and capability of sexual reproduction is attained

Question 2

Puberty stops what

Answer 2

long bone growth stops

(epiphyses close under influence of estrogen)

Question 3

Rats and mice are what type of estrous?

Answer 3

poly estrous

Question 4

Define polyestrous

Answer 4

• cycle rom puberty until old age
• average length: 4-5 days

Question 5

What is estrous cycle divided into?

Answer 5

Proestrous, estrus, etestrus, diestrus

Question 6

Proestrus

Answer 6

1day

• FSH level increases
• some follicles start to grow and mature
• Estrogen produced from stimulated follicles

Question 7

FSH

Answer 7

Follicle stimulating hormone

• from the anterior pituitary gland
• acts on ovary to stimulate growth of follicles
• stimulates testes to produce sperm and is important to start this process during puberty

Question 8

Estrogen

Answer 8

• produced by cells in follicle
• produces secondary sexual development in females
• stimulates estrus (heat)

Question 9

Estrus

Answer 9

12-24 hours “in heat”
Sexual Receptivity

• At high levels: FSH and Estrogen
• At low levels: Progesterone
• The only time female will accept male
• Surge levels: LH

Question 10

Progesterone

Answer 10

• produced by corpus luteum
• maintains pregnancy
• Prevents ovulation: acting at pituitary to block the LH surge

Question 11

LH

Answer 11

Luteinizing Hormone

• from anterior pituitary gland
• causes ovulation
• acts on cells in testes to stimulate testosterone production

Question 12

Which hormones are from the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 12

FSH and LH

Question 13

Metestrus

Answer 13

12 hours
Ovulation

• follicle opens and releases ovum
• rats and mice are spontaneous ovulators

Question 14

Which animal(s) is/are spontaneous ovulators

Answer 14

Rats and mice

Question 15

Diestrus

Answer 15

2 days
Period before NEXT proestrus

• Corpus luteum (CL) forms in ruptured follicle
• Progesterone level is high (secreted by CL)
• If not pregnant, CL regresses and new cycle begins
• Prostaglandin causes CL regression

Question 16

When does corpus luteum form in ruptured follicle?

Answer 16

Diestrus during estrous cycle

Question 17

When is progesterone level high?

Answer 17

Diestrus during estrous cycle

Question 18

What needs to happen in order for CL to regress and a new estrous cycle begins?

Answer 18

For there to be no pregnancy

Question 19

Prostaglandin causes what?

Answer 19

CL regression

Question 20

What causes CL regression?

Answer 20

Prostaglandin, when no pregnancy

Question 21

PGF2a (Prostaglandin)

Answer 21

• destroys the corpus leuteum
• stimulates production of relaxin

Question 22

Draw FSH, Estrogen, LH, Progesterone graph

Question 23

Are rats and mice induced ovulators or spontaneous ovulators?

Answer 23

spontaneous ovulators

Question 24

What animals are induced ovulators?

Answer 24

rabbit and hares

Question 25

What does it mean to be induced ovulators?

Answer 25

don't ovulate unless "induced"

Question 26

T/H: Are humans spontaneous or induced ovulators?

Answer 26

Induced

Question 27

Draw induced ovulation chart

Question 28

Define nocturnal

Answer 28

generally only mate at night

Question 29

Which animals are nocturnal?

Answer 29

rats

Question 30

rats may mate how many times within a 12 hour period?

Answer 30

12-20 times per 12 hour period (often with multiple males)

Question 31

Gestation of mouse?

Answer 31

19-21 days

Question 32

gestation of rats?

Answer 32

21-23 days

Question 33

An immediate ____ estrus in mice and rats

Answer 33

postpartum estrus

Question 34

Rats and mice lactate for how long?

Answer 34

3 weeks

Question 35

Average litter size in mice is and rats is what?

Answer 35

mice: 4-7 rats: 6-10

Question 36

Puberty age of men

Answer 36

12-15 years

Question 37

Puberty age of elephant

Answer 37

8-16 years

Question 38

Puberty age of dogs

Answer 38

9 months

Question 39

Men: When does it gestation?

Answer 39

270 days

Question 40

Elephant: When does it gestation?

Answer 40

624 days

Question 41

dog: When does it gestation?

Answer 41

63-65 days

Question 42

Most mammals species have menstrual cycle, right?

Answer 42

No

Question 43

Oxytocin

Answer 43

- produced by posterior pituitary - causes uterine contraction

Question 44

Relaxin

Answer 44

- relaxes the cervix, pelvic bones - blood level increase prior to onset of labor

Question 45

Prolactin

Answer 45

- stimulated milk release - initiates milk secretion after parturition - stimulates maternal behavior

Question 46

Male reproductive system tract

Answer 46

Series of times for sperm travel - Testes - manufacturing sperms - epididymis - storage of sperems - Accessory sex glands - final modifications - penis - delivery to female tract

Question 47

Dogs make how many sperms per ejaculation?

Answer 47

200-2000 million sperms

Question 48

How are sperms produced in the testes?

Answer 48

stem cells continually divide and renew themselves

Question 49

Main purpose of accessory sex glands?

Answer 49

add fluids to sperm to help them move through female tract

Question 50

Hormones helping with sperm production

Answer 50

Testosterone - stimulates testes to produce sperm LH - acts on cells in testes to stimulate testosterone production FSH - stimulates testes to produce sperm and is important to start this process during puberty