Male Repro Flashcards
8 examples of clinical relevancy of male anatomy
Neutering
Cryptorchidism (hereditary)-unilateral or bilateral
Penile tumors/cysts/hypospadias
Posthitis snake bite. Persistent frenulum
Ectopic ureter/patent urachus
Bladder stones (calculi)
Hypospadias
Prostatic hyperplasia/inflammation and cysts (PBH)
Other terms for neutering
Castration
Orchiectomy
Orchidectomy
Benefits of neutering
Population control
Medical benefits
Behavioral modification
Unilateral cryptorchidism
Dog is fertile but there is a tendency for this to be inherited. Males possessing this should not be bred
Penile TVT
Transmissible venereal tumor
-Cauliflower-like
Ectopic ureter
-common in what age and sex
Common in 3-6 mo old dogs
Females affected 8x more frequently than males
Patent urachus
Urachus is a tube that connects the fetal urinary bladder with the allantois during fetal life….
If problem, urine can leak out of umbilicus
X-ray general positioning for pelvis
Ventro-dorsal projection
Lateral projection
Frog-legged projection (extended hip)
Frog-legged projection good for
View of hip and pelvic inlet
Pelvic outlet boundaries
Dorsal:Cd1
Ventral:Ischial arch
Lateral:ST ligament and muscles of pelvic diaphragm (dog)
Tom penis orientation and phenotype
Caudally directed penis (flaccid)
Cranally directed during copulation
Keratinized spines (induce ovulation in the queen). Regress by castration.
Dog vs Cat
Scrotum/testes orientation
Cat=vertical/close to anus
Dog=horizontal
Dog vs Cat
Flaccid penis
Cat=faces caudally
Dog=faces cranially
Dog vs Cat accessory sex gland
Cat=prostate/bulbourethral glands
Dog=Prostate-ampullary glands
Paired gonads make
Male gametes (spermatozoa) and hormones
Paired duct system
Epididymis and ductus deferens
-Convey exocrine products to urethra
Accessory sex glands
Contribute to bulk of semen (seminal fluid)
Male urethra
Serves for passage of both urine and semen
Penis
Copulatory organ
-Deposits semen within female repro tract
Scrotum
Skin adaption (testis)
Prepuce (sheath)
Skin adaption (penis)
Orientation of testicles in dog
Horizontal with cranial pole facing cranially
Orientatin of testicles in cat
Vertical with cranial pole facing ventrally
Caudal pole–>Anus
Function of the testes
Produces spermatozoa and male sex hormones (testosterone)
Function of scrotum
Protects and supports testis
Regulates testicular temperature (sweat glands)
What are the testicular layers?
Scrotal wall
Partietal peritoneum
Extension of Peritoneal cavity
Visceral peritoneum
Testicular capsule
What makes up the scrotal wall?
Skin
Tunica dartos
Spermatic fascia/Scrotal fascia
What makes up the parietal peritoneum in testes?
Parietal vaginal tunic
What makes up the extension of the peritoneal cavity of the testes?
Vaginal cavity
What makes up the visceral peritoneum of the testes?
Visceral vaginal tunic
What makes up the testicular capsule?
Tunica Albunigena testis
What makes up the scrotal fascia?
External spermatic fascia
Internal spermatic fascia
What is the time frame of testicular descent?
Starts about day 3 after birth
Completes about day 10
What are some exceptions of testicular descent time frame?
Elephants, rhinos, seals, crocodiles, whales and dolphins, birds
What are some clinical significant cases of testicular descent?
Cryptorchidism- hidden testis within the abdomen or inguinal canal
Inguinal hernias
What helps the testes descend to the scrotum?
Gubernaculum testis
Explain the development of testes
Develop behind the kidneys and descend to scrotum after birth via help of gubernaculum testis
What hormone is involved with testicular descent that helps with enlargement of testes?
Insulin-like factor 3 (descendine)
T/F Testis and gubernaculum passes the inguinal canal
True
What are the 3 remnants of the gubernaculum
Proper ligament of the testis
Ligament of the tail of the epididymus
Scrotal ligament (dartos to external scrotal fascia)
What is the temperature for spermatogenesis?
At about 5 degrees F of core body temp
T/F Spermatogenesis is positively affected in crptorchid testis
F
Negatively affected
T/F Hormonal function of spermatogenesis is not affected by temperature
T
What are structures involved in testicular thermoregulation
Scrotum-sweat glands
Pampiniform plexus (counter current)
Tunica dartos
Cremaster m
What is the site of final maturation and storage of sperm
Epididymis
What connects the testis with ductus deferens
Epididymis
What are 3 parts of the epidiymis
head
body
tail
What is used in perineal hernias to prevent bladder retro flexion
ductus deferens
What is the diverticulum of peritoneum present in both sexes
Vaginal process
What does the vaginal process cover in males? What is it called?
Covers spermatic cord
Called vaginal tunic
What are some contents of the vaginal tunic
Pampiniform plexus
Ductus deferens
Testicular lymph vessels
Autonomic n (sympathetic)
Visceral vaginal tunic
What is the structure called where the testicular v wraps around the testicular a
Pampiniform plexus
What are the parts of the visceral vaginal tunic
Mesoductus deferns
Mesorchium
What makes up the spermatic cord?
Veins of pampiniform plexus
Testicular a
Ductus deferns
What are structures that pass thru inguinal canal?
Vaginal tunic (and contesnts of spermatic cord)
Cremaster m
External pudendal a and v
Genitofemoral n
What is the primary copulatory organ and what does it do?
Penis-ejects semen and urine
What are the 3 regions of the penis
Root
Body
Glans
The root of the penis includes
2 crura (ischiatic tuberosity) +bulb of the penis
The body of the penis expands from
The ends of the crura to glans
What are the 2 parts of the glans penis
Bulbus glandis
Pars longa glandis
What are the penis erectile tissues
Corpus cavernosum
Corpus spongiosum
Of the penis erectile tissues, which are paired dorsal bodies?
corpus cavernosum
T/F Corpus spongiosum has paired ventral body
F
Unpaired
What is the corpus cavernosum surrounded by
Tunica albuginea penis
What does the corpus spongiosum contain
Spongy urethra and expands distally at the glans
What is the distal 3-4 inches of the CCP
os penis
Ossified
T/F The tom has an os penis that is poorly developed
T
What is the sheath of skin that surrounds and protects the penis
Prepuce
What makes up the prepuce
preputial ostium
outer lamina (haired)
inner lamina
fornix
preputial cavity
What does the inner lamina of the prepuce contain
Lymphoid follicles
Preputial glands
What are the accessory sex glands of the dog
Prostate
Ampullary gland (ampulla of the ductus deferens)
What are the accessory sex glands of the tom
Prostate
Bublourethral gland
What is the importance of the bulbourethral gland in cats?
Landmark for perineal urethrostomy
What is the importance of the retractor penis in cats f
or surgery?
Perineal urethrostomy in cats
What are the two parts of the urethra?
Intra-pelvic urethra
2-Penile urethra
T/F Male dog has long pre-prostatic part of urethra
F
Tom
What is the structure of the urethra located in the prostate?
Urethral crest
Colliculus seminalis
What is a common urethral obstruction problem for dogs
Urethral calculi- behind os penis
What is a common urethral obstruction problem for toms
Urethral plug- at tip of penis
What nerve helps with erection
Pelvic
What nerves helps with ejaculation?
Hypogastric
What nerve stimulates muscles of the urogenital triangle
pudendal
What nerve stimulates erection and ejaculation
pedudenal
Is the pudendal nerve somatic or motor
Both
WHere does the pudendal n originate
S1-S3
What nerves stimulates sensation with the glans penis
Dorsal n
What muscles are involved in erections in male and female
Constrictor vestibuli (female)
Ischiourethralis (male)
What muscle in female is involved with coital tie
Coital tie Constrictor vestibuli
What are hemodynamic changes during erection?
Increased arterial blood inflow
Decreased venous outflow
The pressure from erections stem from
Engorged vestibular bulb
Constrictor vestibuli m
What is the mechanism of erection?
1st stage coitus
“The Turn”- discourages detumescence
Second stage coitus: encourages uterine rather than vaginal insemination
What is the coital tie?
Maximal engorement of bulbus glandis
- The system becomes closed
- This makes the penis hard and firm and capable of intromission and coitus
