Abdomen Lecture Flashcards
The part of the trunk that extends from the diaphragm to the pelvis
abdomen
What are the boundaries of the abdominal cavity
Cranially-diaphragm
- Caudally-pelvic inlet (T1, 1st ribs, 1st sternabrae)
- Laterally-Abdominal muscles
- Dorsally vertebral column and sub-lumbar muscles
Where is the peritoneal cavity
Within the abdominal cavity
Space btw parietal peritoneum and viseral
(it’s empty-NO ORGANS, just a little fluid)
Where are the kidneys in relation to the peritoneal cavity?
Behind the peritoneum
Retroperitoneal
What is peritoneum?
What are the 3 types of peritoneum?
Loose CT covered by mesothelium
Parietal peritoneum-lines abdominal cavity
Visceral periotoneum-surrounds all organs in abdominal cavity
Connecting AKA mesentary
What’s the deepest layer of fascia
Transversalis fascia
Covers internal parts of muscles making up abdominal wall including diaphragm
Purpose of transversalis fascia
Lines abdominal wall and reinforces parietal peritoneum and attaches it to abdominal wall and diaphragm
Fold of peritoneum that passes from the umbilicus to the liver
Falciform ligament
Falciform ligament contains
Remnant of fetal structure-umbilical vein
Name four abdominal muscles named superficial to deep
External abdonminal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Rectus abdominis
Transversus abdominus
What’s the external opening of a very short natural passageway through abdominal wall
What enters
Inguinal canal
Part of the external abdominal oblique that had split into two part and came together
Spermatic cord enters it via SUPERFICIAL INGUINAL RING
What’s the caudal border of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
Inguinal ligament
Fibers of internal abdominal oblique
Run cranioventrally
Fibers of transversus abdominus
Run transversely
Connecting peritoneum
Connects parietal and visceral peritoneums and holds blood vessels and nerves of suspended organs
Layers of greater omentum
Consists of 2 layers
- ->Superficial layer
- ->Deep layer
Superficial layer of greater omentum
Attaches greater curvature of the stomach
Deep layer of greater omentum
Attaches to the dorsal body wall just cranial to the cranial mesenteric artery.
Each layer of greater omentum
Is a double pertoneal sheet in which there are fat streaks and blood vessels and nerves
Superficial and deep layer of greater omentum and pelvic inlet
Superficial layer=towards pelvic inlet
Deep layer= away from pelvic inlet
Function of greater omentum
Can seek out inflammation or injury and goes and patches/mends inflammation.
What is the diaphragm
Muscular partition between thorax and abdomen
3 parts of diaphragm
costal, sternal, and lumbar
3 hiatuses in diaphragm
Caval foramen
Aortic hiatus
Esophagus hiatus
Caval foramen
caudal vena cava
Aortic hiatus
aorta, azygous vein, thoracic duct
Esophageal hiatus
esophagus and vagal trunk
Abdominal cavity boundaries
Cranially-diaphragm
Caudally-pelvic inlet
Dorsally-Vertebral column and sub-lumbar muscles
Ventrally/laterally-the abdominal wall muscles
Where is the liver
Lies under cover the rib cage
6 lobes of liver
left lateral left medial quadrate right medal right lateral caudate
Caudate lobe of liver has 2 processes
Caudate process of caudate lobe
Papillary process of caudate lobe
caudate process of caudate lobe
Right side
Makes an impression on cranial pole of right kidney
Papillary process of caudate lobe
Lies in the lesser curvature of the stomach
What does the gallbladder lie betweeN?
Quadrate lobe and R medial lobe
Cystic duct empties the
gallbladder
Hepatic ducts drain from
Liver
Cystic duct and hepatic ducts unite to form
Bile duct
Bile duct empties into
Duodenum
Where does the majority of the stomach lie?
Left of the midline
When empty, where does the stomach lie?
Under cover of ribcage
2 Curvatures of stomach
Greater curvature
Lesser curvature
2 sphincters of stomach
Cardiac sphincter
Pyloric sphincter
4 regions of stomach
Cardiac-inlet
Fundus
Body
Pyloric outlet
Orientation of cardiac inlet
Area where esophagus empties into stomach
Fundus, Body, Pyloric region orientation of stomach
Fundus=proximal 1/3
Body=middle 1/3
Pyloric= distal 1/3
Cardiac sphincter
Muscular sphincter between cardiac inlet and fundus
Pylorus sphincter
Muscular sphincter between pylorus and pyloric canal
Duodenum lies where in abdominal cavity
Right side (for the most part)
5 parts of the duodenum
Cranial flexure
Descending part
Caudal flexure
Ascending part
Duodenojejunal flexure
Trace the duodenum to the jenum
Begins at pylorus to right of median plane
Cranial duodenal flexure
Descending duodenum
Caudal duodenal flexure
Ascending duodenum (ascends to left rott of mesentary
Duodenojejunal flexure
Jejunum
What is a reason you should cut through the linea alba in surgery?
Lack of blood vessels
Duodenocolic ligament connects
Connects ascending duodenum to descending colon
Two ducts of the pancreas
Pancreatic duct
Accessory pancreatic duct
Pancreatic duct opens
Onto the “major” duodenal papilla (along side bile suct)
T/F The pancreatic duct is more functional (dominant) in the dog
F
Cat
Accessory Pancreatic duct open
Onto the “minor” duodenal papilla
T/F The accessory pancreatic duct is more functional (dominant) in the dog
T
T/F Dogs can lack the pancreatic duct
T
What empties into the major duodenal papilla
Bile duct and pancreatic duct
What empties into the minor duodenal papilla
Accessory pancreatic duct
Jejunum for the most part is located where
Mid-abdominal region
Canine abdomen jejunum extends from
Duodenojejunal flexure (left of the root of the mesentary) to the ileum (on right side of abdomen)
What’s the longest portion of the small intestine
jejunum
What’s the terminal portion of the small intestine
ileum (about 10 cm)
What’s the clear demarcation between jejunum and ileum
There is none
What does the ileum join
Joins ascending colon at the ileocolic orifice on right side of body
Where does the ileum empty
Ascending colon via ileocolic orifice
Where is the cecum located
Junction of ileum and ascending colon
How does the cecum communicate with the ascending colon
Cecocolic orifice
Describe dog cecum
S shaped blind pouch.
“Outpocketing” of the initial part of colon
3 parts of colon
Ascending colon
Transverse colon
Descending colon
Location of ascending colon
R side of abdomen
Location of transverse colon
Crosses R to L cranial to root of mesentary
Location of descending colon
Descends on L side of abdomen toward pelvic inlet
When does the rectum begin
As the descending colon enters into pelvis and continues to the anus
Where is the spleen located and covered by
L side of abdomen against the abdominal wall
Under cover of last 2 ribs
Gastrosplenic ligament
Attaches spleen to the stomach
Position of kidneys in dog
Sublumbar
R lies beneath first 3 lumbar vertebrae
L lies beneath L vertebrae 2,3, and 4
So…L kidney lies further caudally in the abdomen
T/F Kidney is usually surrounded by fat
T
Ventral surface of kidney is covered by
Peritoneum (retroperitoneal=outside peritoneal cavity)
What is the renal hilus
Area where the vessels/ureter enter or leave the kidney
Define renal pelvis
Dilated part of ureter within kidney
Define renal sinus
Fat filled space around the renal pelvis
Define renal crest
Ridge that projects into the renal pelvis through which the collecting ducts excretes urine into the renal pelvis
Orientation of pelvic recesses
Outward projections of renal pelvis
Project between the renal pyramids
Renal pyramid formation
Formed by the medulla and project in between the pelvic recess
What’s unique about cat kidneys
Contained capsular veins
Where is bladder when it’s empty
Lies in pelvis
As bladder fills where is it
Moves cranially over pelvic brim to lie on floor of abdomen
When bladder is maximally filled where is it
May be at the level of the umbilicus
Where is the feline bladder always?
Abdominal cavity
A function of adrenal glands
Make epinephrine and noepinephrine
What’s a good marker of the adrenal gland?
“Cut in half” by phrenicoabdominal vein
What are the 3 things that make up the uterus
Shape of uterus
Neck (cervix uteril)
Short body (corpus uteri)
Two horns (cornua uteri dextrum et sinistrum)
Y shaped
What does the uterus communicate with?
Cranially=uterine tubes
Caudally=vagina
What does the connecting peritoneum do
Folds of peritoneum that connect parietal and visceral peritoneum
What are 3 special names of connecting peritoneum
Omentum, mesentaries, ligaments
Mesentaries (connecting peritoneum) purpose
From viscera to the dorsal abdominal wall
Omentum (connecting peritoneum) purpose
from stomach to other visera
Ligaments (connecting peritoneum) purpose
From viscera to abdominal wall or other viscera
Examples of mesentaries (connecting peritoneum)
Mesoduodenum
Mesocolon
Mesorectum
Where is the great mesentary
What does it consist of
Extends from jejunum and ileum to dorsal abdominal wall
Mesojejunum/mesoileum
Root of mesentary attaches
around origin of the cranial mesenteric artery
Examples of omentum (connecting peritoneum)
Lesser omentum
Greater omentum
Lesser omentum (connecting peritoneum)-where
Runs from lesser curvature of stomach to liver
Easiest to see it covering the papillary process of caudate lobe of liver
Greater omentum (connecting peritoneum)-where
Covers what
Runs from greater curvature of stomach and proximal part of the duodenum
Covers jejunal mass on ventral abdominal wall
Layers of greater omentum
Pouch
Superficial and deep layer
Pouch between the superficial and and deep layer is omental bursae
Opening of omental bursa
Epiploic foramen
Epiploic foramen boundaries
Ventrally-peritoneum covering portal vein in hepatoduodenal ligament
Dorsally-covering of caudal vena cava
Caudally-by hepatic artery covered by mesoduodenum
Cranially-liver
If you cover the epiploic foramen, what would happen?
Compress ventral border which will deprive liver of blood due to occluding portal vein and hepatic artery
