Final Exam Flashcards
Describe the third eyelid
Concave fold of palepbral conjunctiva that protrudes from the medial angle of the eye
Describe superficial gland of the third eyelid
Body of fat and glandular tissue that surrounds the third eyelid at its base
What is a muscle that protects the eye and is different from eye movement muscles.
Orbicularis oris
What vertebrate lacks transverse foramina?
C1
What vertebrate has the largest transverse process?
C6
T/F Spinous process decreases in height from C3-C7
F
Increases
Glenoid cavity articulates
Glenoid cavity articulates with head of humerus
What articulates between the humerus and ulna
trochlear notch of the ulna articulates with the trochlea of the humerus
Give articulations of ribs
1-7
Articulate directly with sternum via hyaline cartilage
8-12
Articulate indirectly with the sternum via cartilage
11-12
Do not articulate with the sternum
What articulates between Os coxae and axial skeleton
Iliium with sacral vertebrae
What does femur articulate with in pelvic bone
Acetabuar fossa with femur head
Contents of the carotid sheeth and location
Common carotid a
Vagosympathetic trunk
Internal jugular v
Tracheal lymphatic
Btw omotransversarius (dorsally) and sternothroideus (ventrally)
What autonomous zone is on the dorsal part of thoracic paw
caudal?
Radial is cranial
Ulnar is caudal
What autonomous zone is on the medial surface of the thoracic leg?
Musculocutatneous
What parts of the manus communicate with each other>
Middle carpal and carpometacarpal joints communicate
Antebrachiocarpal joint does not communicate
Proximal interphalangeal jt/distal interphalageal jt communicates with each other
Describe the degree of movement allowed by each joint of the manus
Antebrachiocarpal
Btw radius and ulna…articulates w/radial carpal and ulnar carpal bones
Middle carpal
Btw the two rows of carpal bone
Carpometacarpal
Btw distal row of carpal bones and the metacarpals
Proximal and distal interphalangeal jt articulate with each main digit
What supplies parasympathetic and sympathetic to heart and lungs
Sympathetic
middle cervical ganglia
Parasympathetic
Vagus
Explain location of vagus n branches/trunks on esophagus
Vagus n travels in vagosympathetic trunk then leaves at level of middle cervical ganglion and splits into dorsal and ventral branch on each side. Dorsal and ventral vagal branches unite to give single dorsal trunk and single ventral trunk.
Explain the mediastinum and list structure in different parts of the mediastinum
Consists of the right and left mediastinal pleurae and contents between
Cranial=part lying cranial to the heart. Contains thymus and cranial vena cava
Middle=Contains heart
Caudal=Contains accessory lobe of the right lung and cadal vena cava
Describe the lobes of the lungs
Left lung Cranial lobe (caudal and cranial parts), caudal lobe
Right lung
Cranial, middle, caudal, accessory lobe
Cardiac notch
Right lung at 4th and 5th intercostal space; notch is occupied by the right ventricle.
What is the origin and pathway for the recurrent laryngeal n and their fxn
Left recurrent laryngeal
Leaves vagus n at lvl of aortic arch
Right recurrent laryngeal n
Leaves vagus n at the level of middle cervical ganglion
Both branches go to the heart, trachea, and esophagus before terminating in the laryngeal muscles as the caudal laryngeal n
List vessels that originate from the ascending aorta and aortic arch and their general areas of distribution
R and L coronary arteries branch off to supply heart muscle
Brachiocephalic trunk branches from aortic arch. Gives rise to the left common carotid a, terminates as the right carotid a and right subclavian a
Left subclavian a branches from aortic arch. gives rise to internal thoracic a, vertebral a, superficial cervical a,, costocervical trunk
What are the sources of venous return into the L and R atrium
R atrium
Caudal vena cava, cranial vena cava, great cardiac v,azygous
L atrium
Pulmonary v
What are the fxns of foramen ovale and ductus arteiosus? What are adult structures called
Foramen ovale=fossa ovalis in adults
Opening of caudal to the intervenous tubercle; in fetus it allows blood to pass from RA to LA
Ductus arterisosu=ligamentum arteriosum in adults
In fetus, shunts blood btw pulmonary trunk and aorta to keep blood away from non-functioning lungs
Name areas of puncta maxima for AV, aortic, and pulmonary valves
Pulmonary-3rd interspace (low)
Aortic-4th interspace (high-shoulder)
AV-5th interspace (low)
Right side
AV-4th interspace (low)
Understand how the external oblique muscle forms or contributes to the formation of the superficial inguinal ring, inguinal ligament, and vascular lacunae
The aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique separates into two parts which then come together to form superficial inguinal ring
Inguinal ligament is the caudal border of the aponeurosis of the external abdominal oblique
The inguinal ligament forms the cranial order of the femoral triangle; the base of the femoral triangle is the vascular lacuna
State where organ is in body Spleen Liver Stomach Small intestine Large intestine
Spleen-Left
Liver-R, L medial and quadrate in middle, R lateral lobe and caudate lobe are R, left lateral lobe is left
Stomach-Cardiac, fundus, body L. Pyloric is R
Small intestine-
Cranial duodenal flexure, descending duodenum, caudal duodenal flexure, and ascending duodenum are R
Jejunum is both
Ilium is R
Large intestine
Cecum and ascending colon are R
Transverse colon B
Descending colon is L
Describe the different regions of the stomach
Cardiac- where esophagus enters
Fundus-Proximal 1/3
Body-middle 1/3
Pyloric-Distal 1/3
Name lobes of the liver.
What lobe of the liver may be fused in a cat?
R lateral, R medial, Quadrate, L medial, L lateral, cuadate
R medial lobe with quadrate
Describe the parietal and visceral surfaces of the liver
Parietal surface of liver conforms to the abdominal surface of the diaphragm, the visceral surface is related on the left to the stomach and sometimes to the spleen on the right of the pancreas, right kidney, and duodenum, and ventrally to the greater omentum and small intestine.
Describe location of pancreas
R lobe is near descending duodenum
Body is near pylorus of stomach
L lobe is near pylorus/body of stomach
Give blood supply of stomach
Celiac a branches off aorta and divides into LEFT GASTRIC, SPLENIC, HEPATIC a.
L gastric a continues along lesser curvature of stomach
Splenic a travels along greater curvature of stomach and contunes to become the left gastroepiploic a
Hepatic a continueto become gastroduodenal a which branches into the R gastroepiploic a which continues along the greater curvature of the stomach. Supplies R gastric too.
SO things that supply stomach
R and L gastric a (lesser curvature)
R and L gastroepiploic a (greater curvature)
Give blood supply of duodenum
The cranial mesenteric a branches off the abdominal aorta, divides into the ileocolic a and continues as the jejunal a. The jejunal a continue as the caudal pancreaticoduodenal a to supply the duodenum.
Cranial pancreaticoduodenum a is supplied from hepatic a
Know the origin and type of axons for the hypogastric n as they project to the pelvic cavity
Hypogastric n
Pelvic ganglion and plexus
Preganglionic sympathetic
Compare drainage of the testicular/ovarian v on the right and left side of the body
L into renal v then into caudal vena cava
R directly into caudal vena cava
What is the common action of the gluteal and hamstring group muscles on the hip joint?
Extend hip
Provide thrust to propel animal forward
Give origin of quadriceps femoris and how it affects their actions
What is the role of the patella/patellar ligament
Rectus femoris
O: Ilium
A:Flex hip, extends stifle
Vastus lateralis
O:Proximal femur
A:Extends stifle
Vastus medialis
O:Proximal femur
A:Extends stifle
Vastus intermedius
O:Proximal femur
A:Extends stifle
Common insertion is the patella-sesamoid bone intercalated in the tendon of the quadriceps femoris on tibial tuberosity.
Which tarsus joint allows for the most movement and can be used to sample synovial fluid
Tibiotarsal jt
Btw tibia and talus
What are the autonmous zones for hindlimb
Medial thigh and leg
-Saphenous
Dorsal paw
-Common fibular
Plantar paw
-Tibial
What are the sites of venipuncture in a dog vs cat
Dog
Cranial branch of lateral saphenous v
Cat
Medial saphenous v
What muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm and give purpose
Levator ani (medial) Coccygeus (lateral)
Help prevent perineal hernias
Give autonomic n scheme of pelvic viscera
Hypogastric n
Sympathetic post gang from caudal mesenteric ganglion
Suppplies internal urethral sphincter and ejaculation in males
Pelvic n
Parasympathetic pre-gang. Branches from S1-S3. Runs near vaginal/prostatic a. Supplies branches to urogenital organs, rectum, descending colon. bladder voiding, male erection.
Pudendal n
From S1-S3. Supplies innervation to perineal region. Motor innervation with external anal sphincter (via caudal rectal n) and external urethral sphincter
What are the parts of the anal canal
Columnar zone (anal columns) Intermediate zone (anocutaneous line) Cutaneous zone (fine hairs, openings for anal sac)
List structures that pass through inguinal canal in both sexes
External pudendal a and v
Genitofemoral n
Where will calculi lodge in cat vs dog penis
Dog
Behind os penis
Cat
tip of penis
What helps keep testes cool for optimal spermatogenesis
Scrotum
Pampiniform plexus
Tunica dartos
Cremaster muscle
What structures are surgically involved in OHE
Suspensory ligament of ovary
Ovarian a
Uterine a
Cervic
Remove ovaries, uterine horns, body of uterus clamped at cervix
What are two major autonomic n that supply GI viscera
Symp=major splanchnic
Psymp-Vagus
Temporomandibular jt
Synovial jt btw condylar process of mandible and retro-articular process of temporal bone
Atlanto-occipital jt
Occipital condyles and atlas
Atlanto-axial jt
C1 and C2
Origin of olfactory receptor cells
Olfactory epithelium of caudal nasal mucosa, neuronal axons pass through cribriform plate and reach olfactory bulb
Layers of bulbus oculi
Fibrous tunic: sclera and cornea. Tunic has relations with extraocular muscles
Vascular tunic: Choroid, iris, ciliary body
Nervous tunic: retina
Differentiate tapetum lucidum from fundus of eye
Fundus is deep portion of eyeball that ncludes optic disck, tapetum lucidum
Tapetum lucidum is specialized cells of choroid
Describe relationship btw retina, optic disk, and optic n
Retina is thin layer sheet that covers internal surface.
Optic nerve enters into posterior aspect of eye at optic disk
Explain route of aqueous humor
Formed by ciliary body Flows into posterior chamber Through iris Into anterior chamber angle Into scleral venous plexus
What is the lateral border of the orbit?
Orbital ligament that extends from frontal process of zygomatc bone to zygomatic process of frontal bone
Give flow of tears
Lacrimal puncta, lacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, nasolacrimal duct, opening of nasolacrimal duct in the ventral aspect of alar fold
Borders of oral cavoty
Dorsal-Hard palate/soft palate
Ventral-tongue
Lateral/Rostral-dental archers
Caudoventral-body of tongue at palatoglossal arch
What are the extrinisic muscles of tongue and their innervations
Geniohyoideus Genioglossus Mylohyoideus Styloglossus Hyloglossus
CN 12
Give dental formula for dog and cat
Dog
3142
3143
Cat
3131
3121
What is the significance of the incisive papilla
It is an opening for a duct that opens into ventral nasal meatus and goes to vomeronasal organ which is important for reproductive purposes.
Epiglottic cartilage lingual surface is attached to
basihyoid
What are the major structures of the glottis
Vocal apparatus
- arytenoid cartilage
- both vocal folds
- Space between vocal folds and arytenoid cartilage (rima glottidis)
What opens the glottis
cricoarytenoideus dorsalis
Describe cricothyroideus
Tenses vocal fold indirectly by drawing the ventral parts of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage together
What does cricothyroid ligament do
Attaches caudal border of thyroid cartilage to ventral arch of cricoid cartilage
What muscle is in temporal fossa and inserts on coronoid process of mandible
temporalis
What muscle is from zygomatic arch and inserta in masseteric fossa, ventrolateral surface of ramus of mandible, and angular process
Masseter
What muscle comes from pterygopalatine fossa and inserts on medial surface and caudal margin of ramus of mandible and angular process
Medial and lateral pterygoid
What muscle arises from paracondylar process of occipital bone and inserts on body of mandible
Digastricus
What muscle opens the jaw
Digastricus
What connects nasal cavity with larynx and oral cavity with esophagus? “Crossing place”
pharynx
What do pharyngeal muscles help do
Swallow
CN 9 and 10 help
Pharyngeal opening of auditory tube lies on lateral wall of
Nasopharynx
Where can you find thyrid gland?
Around 5 tracheal ring. Parathyroid gland associated with thyroid gland
What a supplies roots of teeth in lower jaw
inferior alveolar branch of maxillary a
Lingual v drains
tongue
larynx
pharynx
Maxillary v drains
Ear orbit palate nasal cavity cheek mandible cranial cavity
Parotid LN drains
Root of nose
Eye lids
external acoustic meatus
Tympanic cavity
Mandibular LN drains
Medial palpebral commissure Cheek Sides of nose Upper lip Lateral lower lip Gums
Retropharyngeal LN drains
Nasal cavity
Nasal pharynx
Auditory tubes
Superior deep cervical glands
