Male Pathology: penis and testicle Flashcards
hypospadias
opening of urethra on inferior surface of penis
what causes hypospadias
failure of urethral folds to close
what is epispadias
opening of urethra on superior surface of penis
what causes epispadias
abnormal positioning of genital tubercle
epispadias is associated with what other organ
bladder exstrophy
what is condyloma acuminatum
benign warty growth on genital skin
what can cause condyloma acuminatum
HPV type 6,11
histo for condyloma acuminatum
koilocytic changes
What is lymphogranuloma venerum
necrotizing granulomatous inflammation of inguinal lymphatics and lymph nodes
what causes lymphogranuloma venereum
Chlamydia trachomatis ( serotypes L1-L3)
how is lymphogranuloma venereum resolved
heals with fibrosis
what other organs can be involved with lymphogranuloma venereum
perianal involvement may result in rectal stricture
what is squamous cell carcinoma
malignant proliferation of squamous cells of penile skin
what are risk factors for squamous cell carcinoma
high risk HPV, 2/3 of cases
lack of circumcision- foreskin acts as a nidus for inflammation and irritation if not properly maintained
what are precursor in situ lesions that can lead to squamous cell carcinoma
Bowen disease
erythroplasia of queyrat
bowenoid papulosis
what is Bowen disease
in situ carcinoma of penile shaft or scrotum that presents as leukoplakia
erythroplasia of queyrat
in situ carcinoma on the glans that presents as leukoplakia
what is Bowenoid papulosis
in situ carcinoma that presents as multiple reddish papules
what group of patients gets Bowenoid papulosis
young patients (40s) compared to Bowen and queyrat
does Bowenoid papulosis progress to invasive carcinoma
no
what is a common congenital male reproductive abnormality
cryptorchidism
developmentally, what is normally suppose to happen to testicles
develop in abdomen and “descend” into scrotal sac as fetus grows
cryptorchidism
failure of testicle to descend into the scortal sac
how is cryptorchidism treated
most cases resolve spontaneously
- orchiopexy performed before 2 years of age
what complications related to cryptorchidism
testicular atrophy with infertility and increased risk for seminoma
orchitis
inflammation of testicles
what are 4 causes of orchitis
- chlamydia trachomatis ( serotypes D-K), Neisseria gonorrhoeae
- E. coli and pseudomonas
- mumps virus
- autoimmune orchitis
chlamydia trachomatis ( serotypes D-K), Neisseria gonorrhoeae orchitis occurs in what age group, what are the increased risks associated with it
- young adults
- sterility, but libido not affected because Leydig cells are spared
E coli/ Pseudomonas orchitis is seen with what age group? how do these bacteria cause orchitis
- older adults
- urinary tract infection pathogens spread into reproductive tract
mumps virus orchitis is seen in what age group? risks? when clinical presentation is not seen
teenage males
- risk of infertility
- testicular inflammation in usually not seen in children less than 10 yrs
autoimmune orchitis is characterized by what gross apperance
granulomas involving the seminiferous tubules
what is testicular torsion? what does this lead to
twisting of spermatic cord
- thin-walled veins become obstructed leading to congestion and hemorrhagic infarction
what usually causes testicular torsion
congenital failure of testes to attach to inner lining of scrotum via processus vaingalis
who usually gets testicular torsion
adolescents with sudden testicular pain and absent cremasteric reflex
what is varicocele
dilation of spermatic vein due to impared drainage
gross presentation of varicocele
scrotal swelling with “bag of worms” appearance
varicocele usually occurs on what side? why?
left side
- left testicular vein drains into left renal vein
- right testicular vein drains into IVC
varicocele is associated with what cancer
renal cell carcinoma, b/c usually invades renal vein
what is hydrocele
fluid collection within the tunica vaginalis
what is the tunica vaginalis
serous membrane that covers the testicle as well as internal surface of the scrotum
Hydrocele is associated with what developmental problem
incomplete closure of processus vaginalis leading to communication with the peritoneal cavity (infants) or blockage of lymphatic drainage ( adults)
gross clinical presentation of hydrocele
scrotal swelling that can be transilluminated
