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Pathoma > Chap 1: Cellular Injury > Flashcards

Chap 1: Cellular Injury Flashcards

1
Q

when does cellular injury occur

A

stress exceeds the cell’s ability to adapt

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2
Q

compare neurons and skeletal muscles when it comes to comparing types of cellular injury

A

neurons susceptible to ischemic injury, skeletal muscle is more resistant

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3
Q

slowly developing ischemia results in ____; whereas, acute ischemia results in ____

A

atrophy

injury

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4
Q

what is an example of a slowly developing ischemia

A

renal artery atherosclerosis

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5
Q

what is an example of acute ischemia

A

renal artery embolus

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6
Q

define hypoxia

A

low oxygen delivery to tissue

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7
Q

what is the role of oxygen in the electron transport chain of oxidative phosphorlyation

A

final electron acceptor

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8
Q

decreased oxygen results in

A

decreased ATP

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9
Q

what are three causes of hypoxia

A

ischemia
hypoxemia
decreased O2-carrying capacity of blood

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10
Q

define ischemia

A

decreased blood flow through an organ

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11
Q

what are 3 causes of ischemia

A
  1. decreased arterial perfusion
  2. decreased venous drainage
  3. Shock
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12
Q

what is a pathological reason for decreased arterial perfusion

A

atherosclerosis

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13
Q

what is syndrome that can cause decreased venous drainage

A

Budd-Chiari syndrome

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14
Q

what are the most common cause of Budd-Chirari syndrome

A
  • Polycythemia vera: increased RBC, increase viscosity and thickness of blood
  • patient with lupus anticoagulants
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15
Q

what is Budd-Chiari syndrome

A

occlusion of the hepatic veins that drain the liver

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16
Q

what is shock

A

generalized hypotension resulting in poor tissue perfusion

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17
Q

define hypoxemia

A

low partial pressure of oxygen in blood

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18
Q

what are 4 causes of hypoxemia

A
  1. high altitude
  2. hypoventilation
  3. diffusion defect
  4. V/Q mismatch
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19
Q

name a disease what will not allow PAO2 to push as much O2 into blood due to thicker diffusion barrier

A

interstitial pulmonary fibrosis

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20
Q

what happens in V/Q mistmatch

A
  1. blood bypasses oxygenated lung

2. oxygenated air cannot reach blood

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21
Q

what conditions does blood bypass oxygenated blood

A

circulation problem

right-to-left shunt

22
Q

what problems can cause oxygenated air to not reach blood

A

ventilation problem

atelectasis

23
Q

atelectasis

A

Complete or partial collapse of a lung or a section (lobe) of a lung

24
Q

decreased O2 carrying capacity arises in hemoglobin from what 3 causes

A
  1. anemia
  2. carbon monoxide
  3. methemoglobinemia
25
Q

define anema

A

decreased in RBC mass

26
Q

what are PaO2 and SaO2 values for anemia

A

both normal

27
Q

what are PaO2 and SaO2 values for carbon monoxide poisoning

A

PaO2 normal

SaO2 decreased

28
Q

what are common exposures that can cause carbon monoxide poisoning

A
  • smoke from fires
  • exhaust from cars
  • exhaust from gas heaters
29
Q

what is the classic clinical findings for carbon monoxide poisoining

A

cherry-red appearance of skin

30
Q

what is an early sign of carbon monoxide poisoning

A

headache

-significant exposure leads to coma/death

31
Q

what form of iron binds oxygen

A

Fe2+

32
Q

what happens in methemoglobinemia

A

iron in heme is oxidized to Fe3+ , which cannot bind oxygen

33
Q

what are PaO2 and SaO2 values for methemoglobinemia

A

PaO2 normal

SaO2 decreased

34
Q

what are classic clinical findings for methemoglobinemia

A

cyanosis with chocolate-colored blood

35
Q

what is the treatment for methemoglobinemia

A

methylene blue : helps reduce Fe3+ back to Fe2+

36
Q

what can cause methemoglobinemia

A

oxidant stress: sulfa and nitrate drugs

newborns

37
Q

A low ATP disrupts what key cellular functions

A
  1. Na-K pump
  2. Ca pump
  3. switches to anaerobic glycolysis
38
Q

what happens when the Na-K pump stops working

A

sodium and water builds up

39
Q

what happens when the Ca pump stops working

A

Ca buildup in cytosol

Ca is an enzyme activator

40
Q

switching to anaerobic glycolysis results in waht

A

lactic acid build up –> low pH –> denature protein and precipitates DNA

41
Q

what is the hallmark of reversible cell injury

A

cellular swelling

42
Q

cytosol swelling results in

A

loss of microvilli

membrane blebbing

43
Q

Swelling of rough endoplasmic reticulum results in

A

dissociation of ribosomes and decreased protein synthesis

44
Q

what is the hallmark of irreversible injury

A

membrane damage

45
Q

what are 3 membrane damage that can occur in irreversible cell injury

A

plasma
mitochondrial
lysosome

46
Q

plasma membrane damage results in

A
  1. cytosolic enzymes leaking into the serum

2. additional calcium entering the cell

47
Q

mitochondrial membrane damage results in

A
  1. loss of electron transport chain

2. cytochome c leaking into cytosol

48
Q

where does electron transport chain occur in mitochondira

A

inner mitochondrial membraine

49
Q

cytochrome c activates what

A

apoptosis

50
Q

lysosome membrane damage results in

A

hydrolytic enzymes leaking into cytosol

- these enzymes get activated by Ca

51
Q

what is the end result of irreversible injury

A

cell death

Pathoma (38 decks)

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