Cardiac: Cardiomyopathy and Cardiac tumors

Question 1

What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy

Answer 1

dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 2

Define dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 2

dilation of all 4 chambers of heart

Question 3

dilated cardiomyopathy results in what? which then leads to what?

Answer 3

systolic dysfunction (ventricles cannot pump)
- leads to biventricular CHF

Question 4

What are complications with dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 4

mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation and arrhythmia

Question 5

most causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are

Answer 5

idipathic

Question 6

what are 6 other causes of dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 6

1. genetic mutation ( usually autosomal dominant)
2. myocarditis ( cocsackie A or B)
3. alcohol abuse
4. drugs, cocaine, doxorubicin
5. pregnancy
6. hemochromatosis

Question 7

what characterizes myocarditis

Answer 7

lymphocytic infiltrate in the myocardium

Question 8

what does myocarditis result in

Answer 8

chest pain, arrhythmia with sudden death, or heart failure

-dilated cardiomyopathy is a late complication

Question 9

What is the treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy

Answer 9

heart transplant

Question 10

what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 10

massive hypertrophy of left ventricle

Question 11

what usually causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 11

genetic mutations in sarcomere proteins, autosomal dominant

Question 12

name 4 clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 12

1. decreased cardiac output
2. sudden death due to ventricular arrhythmia
3. syncope with exercise

Question 13

why does decreased cardiac output occur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 13

left ventricular hypertrophy leads to diastolic dysfunction (ventricles cannot fill)

Question 14

why does syncope with excercise occur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 14

subaortic hypertrophy of ventricular septum results in functional aortic stenosis

Question 15

what does biopsy show for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Answer 15

myofiber hypertrophy with disarray

Question 16

what is restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 16

decreased compliance of the ventricular endomyocardium that restricts filling during diastole

Question 17

what are causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 17

amyloidosis
 sarcoidosis
 hemochromatosis
endocardial firboelastosis ( children)
Loeffler syndrome

Question 18

what is Loeffler syndrome

Answer 18

endomyocardial fibrosis with an eosinophilic infiltrate and eosinophilia

Question 19

how does restrictive cardiomyopathy present in the clinic

Answer 19

congestive heart failure

Question 20

what is classic finding on EKG for restrictive cardiomyopathy

Answer 20

low-voltage EKG

with diminished QRS amplitude

Question 21

what is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults

Answer 21

myxoma

Question 22

what is myxoma

Answer 22

benign mesenchymal tumor with gelatinous appearance and abundant ground substance on histology

Question 23

what is a clinical feature of myxoma

Answer 23

pedunculated mass in left atrium that causes syncope due to obstruction of mitral valve

Question 24

what is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children and what is it associated with

Answer 24

Rhabdomyoma

-tuberous sclerosis

Question 25

what is rhabdomyoma

Answer 25

benign hamartoma of cardiac muscle

Question 26

what part of the heart does rhabdomyoma usually occur in

Answer 26

ventricles

Question 27

common metastases to the heart come from where

Answer 27

breast and lung carcinoma
melanoma
lymphoma

Question 28

matastases commonly include what part of the heart and results in

Answer 28

percardium

- pericardial effusion