Cardiac: Cardiomyopathy and Cardiac tumors Flashcards
What is the most common form of cardiomyopathy
dilated cardiomyopathy
Define dilated cardiomyopathy
dilation of all 4 chambers of heart
dilated cardiomyopathy results in what? which then leads to what?
systolic dysfunction (ventricles cannot pump) - leads to biventricular CHF
What are complications with dilated cardiomyopathy
mitral and tricuspid valve regurgitation and arrhythmia
most causes of dilated cardiomyopathy are
idipathic
what are 6 other causes of dilated cardiomyopathy
- genetic mutation ( usually autosomal dominant)
- myocarditis ( cocsackie A or B)
- alcohol abuse
- drugs, cocaine, doxorubicin
- pregnancy
- hemochromatosis
what characterizes myocarditis
lymphocytic infiltrate in the myocardium
what does myocarditis result in
chest pain, arrhythmia with sudden death, or heart failure
-dilated cardiomyopathy is a late complication
What is the treatment for dilated cardiomyopathy
heart transplant
what is hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
massive hypertrophy of left ventricle
what usually causes hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
genetic mutations in sarcomere proteins, autosomal dominant
name 4 clinical features of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
- decreased cardiac output
- sudden death due to ventricular arrhythmia
- syncope with exercise
why does decreased cardiac output occur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
left ventricular hypertrophy leads to diastolic dysfunction (ventricles cannot fill)
why does syncope with excercise occur in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
subaortic hypertrophy of ventricular septum results in functional aortic stenosis
what does biopsy show for hypertrophic cardiomyopathy
myofiber hypertrophy with disarray
what is restrictive cardiomyopathy
decreased compliance of the ventricular endomyocardium that restricts filling during diastole
what are causes of restrictive cardiomyopathy
amyloidosis sarcoidosis hemochromatosis endocardial firboelastosis ( children) Loeffler syndrome
what is Loeffler syndrome
endomyocardial fibrosis with an eosinophilic infiltrate and eosinophilia
how does restrictive cardiomyopathy present in the clinic
congestive heart failure
what is classic finding on EKG for restrictive cardiomyopathy
low-voltage EKG
with diminished QRS amplitude
what is the most common primary cardiac tumor in adults
myxoma
what is myxoma
benign mesenchymal tumor with gelatinous appearance and abundant ground substance on histology
what is a clinical feature of myxoma
pedunculated mass in left atrium that causes syncope due to obstruction of mitral valve
what is the most common primary cardiac tumor in children and what is it associated with
Rhabdomyoma
-tuberous sclerosis
what is rhabdomyoma
benign hamartoma of cardiac muscle
what part of the heart does rhabdomyoma usually occur in
ventricles
common metastases to the heart come from where
breast and lung carcinoma
melanoma
lymphoma
matastases commonly include what part of the heart and results in
percardium
- pericardial effusion
