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Reproduction > Male Infertility > Flashcards

Male Infertility Flashcards

1
Q

Where is the sex determining region

A

Y chromosome

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2
Q

What causes the development of the male reproductive tract and genitalia

A

Testosterone (and mullerian inhibiting factor)

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3
Q

What primitive duct becomes the male reproductive tract

A

wolffian

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4
Q

What primitive duct becomes the female reproductive tract

A

Mullerian

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5
Q

What does the mullerian duct become

A

the fallopian tubes

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6
Q

what does the wolffian duct become

A

the ductus deferens

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7
Q

What is androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Congenital insensitivity to androgens

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8
Q

What happens in congenital androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

Male karyotype however due to being insensitive to testosterone they do not develop male genitalia and their testes remain undescended.

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9
Q

What are the features of the reproductive system in someone with AIS

A

testes develop but do not descend
female external genitalia
short vagina
absence of ovaries or uterus

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10
Q

what muscle in the scrotal sac lowers/raises the testes according to external temp

A

dartos muscle

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11
Q

What is cryptochidism

A

undescended testes

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12
Q

What is the treatment of cryptochidism

A

orchidoplexy before age 14 or orchidectomy in adults

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13
Q

What is the risks of undescended testes left until adulthood

A

6 x increased risk of testicular cancer

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14
Q

where does spermatogenesis occur

A

seminiferous tubules

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15
Q

Where does testosterone production occur

A

leydig cells

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16
Q

what is contained in the acrosome of a sperm

A

enzymes to help penetrate the ovum

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17
Q

What is the role of sertoli cells

A 
Form a blood testes barrier
Provides nutrients
Phagocytosis
Secrete seminiferous tubule fluid
Secrete androgen binding globulin
Secrete inhibin and activin
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18
Q

What is the function of androgen binding globulin

A

binds testosterone so that concentration remains hgh

19
Q

What do inhibin do

A

decreases FSH secretion to control spermatogenesis

20
Q

What stimulates spermatogenesis

A

fsh and testosteron

21
Q

what stimulates testosterone secretion

A

LH

22
Q

what is the effect of testosterone on GnRH and LH

A

decreases the release of both

23
Q

What is GnrH

A

decapeptide
releases in bursts every 2-3 hours from hypothalamus
Stimunlates anterior pituitary to produce LH and FSH
Negative feedback control from testosterone

24
Q

What are LH and FSH

A

glycoproteins

25
Q

What does FSH act on

A

sertoli cells to enhance spermatogenesis

26
Q

What does LH act on

A

Leydig cells - to produce testosterone

27
Q

What are the effects of testosterone

A

Before birth - masculinise repro tract and testicular descent
Puberty - male characteristics
Adult - controls spermatogenesis, secondary sexual characteristics, libido

28
Q

What is capacitiation

A

A series of biochemical and electrical events that occur before fertilisation in the sperm.

29
Q

where does the sperm initially bind to the oocyte

A

zona pellucida

30
Q

What is the function of the epididymis

A

exit route from testes to urethra, concentrate and stores sperm, site of sperm maturtion

31
Q

What is the function of the seminal vesicles

A

Produce semen in ejaculatory duct, suppe fructose, secrete prostaglandins (stimulates motility), secrete fibrinogen

32
Q

What does the prostate do

A

alkaline fluid is produces and clotting enzymes

33
Q

What does the bulbourethral glands do

A

secrete mucus to act as lubricant

34
Q

What can cause male infertility

A 
Low sperm count or quality - usually idiopathic
Obstruction
Non obstruction
Endocrine cause
Erectile cause
35
Q

What are obstructive causes

A

Congenital absence of vas deferens due to cystic fibrosis
infection
vasectomy

36
Q

What are non obstructive causes

A 
kleinfelters
chemotherapy
radiotherapy
undescended testes
idiopathic
37
Q

endocrine causes

A

acromegaly
cushings
hyperprolactinaemia anorexia
hyper/hypo thyroid

38
Q

What would be defined as small testes

A

less than 15mls

39
Q

When is IUI indicated to treat male infertility

A

low sperm count

40
Q

When is surgical aspiration of sperm indicated

A

azoospermia

sperm in aspirated and then ICSI can be performed

41
Q

What is the success rate in surgical sperm aspiration

A

95 percent obstructive

50 percent non obstructive

42
Q

define azoospermia

A

when there is little or no sperm present in the semen

43
Q

oligoasthenospermia

A

low sperm count + low motility

44
Q

teratoasthenospermia

A

low motility and abnormal forms

Reproduction (52 decks)

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