male GU- testicle

Question 1

what is cryptorchidism?

Answer 1

failure of testicle to descend into scrotal sac

Question 2

what is the most commonly seen congenital male reproductive abnormality?

Answer 2

cryptorchidism

Question 3

how do you treat cryptorchidism?

Answer 3

most cases resolve spontaneously but if still there after 2 years of age- orchiopexy

Question 4

what are the complications of untreated cryptorchidism?

Answer 4

testicular atrophy with infertility and increased risk for seminomas

Question 5

what is orchitis

Answer 5

inflammation of testicle

Question 6

what are the 6 causes of orchitis?

Answer 6

1. chlamydia trachomatis
2. neisseria gonorrhoeae
3. e coli
4. pseudomonas
5. mumps
6. autoimmune

Question 7

what serotypes of chlamydia cause orchitis

Answer 7

serotypes D-K

Question 8

in young adults, what causes orchitis?

Answer 8

chlamydia and gonorrhoeae

Question 9

in older adults what are the 2 agents that cause orchitis

Answer 9

e coli and pseudomonas

Question 10

in teenage males, what causes orchitis

Answer 10

mumps

Question 11

what 4 tissues are affected in mumps?

Answer 11

parotid gland
septic meningitis
orchitis
pancreatitis

Question 12

what characterizes autoimmune orchitis

Answer 12

granulomas involving seminiferous tubules

Question 13

what is the usually cause of testicular torsion

Answer 13

usually due to congenital failure of testes to attach to the inner lining of scrotum (via processus vaginalis)

Question 14

adolescent with sudden testicular pain and absent cremasteric reflex. what’s goin on?

Answer 14

testicular torsion

Question 15

what is a varicocele

Answer 15

dilation of the spermatic vein due to impaired drainage

Question 16

testicle looks and feels like a “bag of worms” what are you thinking?

Answer 16

varicocele

Question 17

what testicular side is more likely to have a varicocele? why?

Answer 17

left because left testicular vein drains into left renal vein (whereas the right drains right into the IVC)

Question 18

what condition:

“fluid collection within tunica vaginalis”

Answer 18

hydrocele

Question 19

what is the tunica vaginalis?

Answer 19

serous membrane that covers the testicle as well as the internal surface of scrotum

Question 20

what is hydrocele associated with

Answer 20

incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis leading to communication within peritoneal cavity (infants) or blockage of lymph drainage (adults)

Question 21

you have scrotal swelling, what do you think if it can be transilluminated? what if it cannot be?

Answer 21

transilluminated-hydrocele

non transilluminated-testicular tumor

Question 22

firm, painless testicular mass that can NOT be transilluminated

what are you thinking

Answer 22

testicular tumor

Question 23

why shouldn’t you biopsy a testicular tumor?

Answer 23

due to risk of seeding of the scrotum

Question 24

what is the most common cause of testicular tumors

Answer 24

germ cell tumor

Question 25

what are 2 risk factors for germ cell tumors

Answer 25

cryptochidism and klinefelter syndrome

Question 26

what germ cell tumor (seminoma or nonseminoma): | "highly responsive to radiotherapy, metastasize late, have excellent prognosis"

Answer 26

seminoma

Question 27

what germ cell tumor: | "malignant tumor comprised of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei (resemble spermatogonia)"

Answer 27

seminoma

Question 28

what germ cell tumor: | " homogenous mass with NO hemorrhage or necrosis"

Answer 28

seminoma

Question 29

seminomas resemble ____in the ovaries

Answer 29

ovarian dysgerminoma

Question 30

what tumor: | "malignant tumor comprised of immature, primitive cells that may produce glands"

Answer 30

embryonal carcinoma

Question 31

what tumor: | " forms a hemorrhagic mass WITH necrosis"

Answer 31

embryonal carcinoma

Question 32

what tumor: | "aggressive with early hematogenous spread"

Answer 32

embryonal carcinoma

Question 33

what is the most common testicular tumor in children

Answer 33

yolk sac tumor

Question 34

when do you see schiller duval bodies

Answer 34

yolk sac tumors

Question 35

what are schiller duval bodies

Answer 35

glomerulus like structures

Question 36

what is characteristically elevated in yolk sac tumors

Answer 36

AFP

Question 37

what tumor | " malignant tumor of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts"

Answer 37

choriocarcinoma

Question 38

what placental structure is ABSENT in choriocarcinoma?

Answer 38

villi

Question 39

what cells of the placenta produce the B-hCG

Answer 39

syncytrophoblasts

Question 40

because B-hCG is elevated in choriocarcinoma, what can result?

Answer 40

hyperthyroidism or gynecomastia

Question 41

what tumor | " mature fetal tissue derived form 2 or 3 embryonic layers"

Answer 41

teratoma

Question 42

what is diff about a teratoma in a male vs female?

Answer 42

male-malignant | female-benign

Question 43

what cells in the testicle produce testosterone?

Answer 43

leydig cells

Question 44

when do you see reinke crystals?

Answer 44

sex cord stromal tumors- leydig cell tumor

Question 45

what are the 2 types of sex cord stromal tumors?

Answer 45

leydig cell tumor and sertoli cell tumor

Question 46

describe a sertoli cell tumor

Answer 46

comprised of tubules and is clinically silent

Question 47

describe a leydig cell tumor

Answer 47

produces androgen causing precocious puberty in children or gynecomastia in adults

Question 48

what is the most common testicular mass in adults over the age of 60?

Answer 48

lymphoma

Question 49

what type of lymphoma usually affects testicle?

Answer 49

diffuse large B cell type