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pathology unit 5 > male GU- testicle > Flashcards

male GU- testicle Flashcards

1
Q

what is cryptorchidism?

A

failure of testicle to descend into scrotal sac

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2
Q

what is the most commonly seen congenital male reproductive abnormality?

A

cryptorchidism

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3
Q

how do you treat cryptorchidism?

A

most cases resolve spontaneously but if still there after 2 years of age- orchiopexy

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4
Q

what are the complications of untreated cryptorchidism?

A

testicular atrophy with infertility and increased risk for seminomas

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5
Q

what is orchitis

A

inflammation of testicle

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6
Q

what are the 6 causes of orchitis?

A
  1. chlamydia trachomatis
  2. neisseria gonorrhoeae
  3. e coli
  4. pseudomonas
  5. mumps
  6. autoimmune
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7
Q

what serotypes of chlamydia cause orchitis

A

serotypes D-K

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8
Q

in young adults, what causes orchitis?

A

chlamydia and gonorrhoeae

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9
Q

in older adults what are the 2 agents that cause orchitis

A

e coli and pseudomonas

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10
Q

in teenage males, what causes orchitis

A

mumps

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11
Q

what 4 tissues are affected in mumps?

A

parotid gland
septic meningitis
orchitis
pancreatitis

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12
Q

what characterizes autoimmune orchitis

A

granulomas involving seminiferous tubules

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13
Q

what is the usually cause of testicular torsion

A

usually due to congenital failure of testes to attach to the inner lining of scrotum (via processus vaginalis)

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14
Q

adolescent with sudden testicular pain and absent cremasteric reflex. what’s goin on?

A

testicular torsion

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15
Q

what is a varicocele

A

dilation of the spermatic vein due to impaired drainage

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16
Q

testicle looks and feels like a “bag of worms” what are you thinking?

A

varicocele

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17
Q

what testicular side is more likely to have a varicocele? why?

A

left because left testicular vein drains into left renal vein (whereas the right drains right into the IVC)

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18
Q

what condition:

“fluid collection within tunica vaginalis”

A

hydrocele

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19
Q

what is the tunica vaginalis?

A

serous membrane that covers the testicle as well as the internal surface of scrotum

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20
Q

what is hydrocele associated with

A

incomplete closure of the processus vaginalis leading to communication within peritoneal cavity (infants) or blockage of lymph drainage (adults)

21
Q

you have scrotal swelling, what do you think if it can be transilluminated? what if it cannot be?

A

transilluminated-hydrocele

non transilluminated-testicular tumor

22
Q

firm, painless testicular mass that can NOT be transilluminated

what are you thinking

A

testicular tumor

23
Q

why shouldn’t you biopsy a testicular tumor?

A

due to risk of seeding of the scrotum

24
Q

what is the most common cause of testicular tumors

A

germ cell tumor

25
Q

what are 2 risk factors for germ cell tumors

A

cryptochidism and klinefelter syndrome

26
Q

what germ cell tumor (seminoma or nonseminoma):

“highly responsive to radiotherapy, metastasize late, have excellent prognosis”

A

seminoma

27
Q

what germ cell tumor:

“malignant tumor comprised of large cells with clear cytoplasm and central nuclei (resemble spermatogonia)”

A

seminoma

28
Q

what germ cell tumor:

“ homogenous mass with NO hemorrhage or necrosis”

A

seminoma

29
Q

seminomas resemble ____in the ovaries

A

ovarian dysgerminoma

30
Q

what tumor:

“malignant tumor comprised of immature, primitive cells that may produce glands”

A

embryonal carcinoma

31
Q

what tumor:

“ forms a hemorrhagic mass WITH necrosis”

A

embryonal carcinoma

32
Q

what tumor:

“aggressive with early hematogenous spread”

A

embryonal carcinoma

33
Q

what is the most common testicular tumor in children

A

yolk sac tumor

34
Q

when do you see schiller duval bodies

A

yolk sac tumors

35
Q

what are schiller duval bodies

A

glomerulus like structures

36
Q

what is characteristically elevated in yolk sac tumors

A

AFP

37
Q

what tumor

“ malignant tumor of syncytiotrophoblasts and cytotrophoblasts”

A

choriocarcinoma

38
Q

what placental structure is ABSENT in choriocarcinoma?

A

villi

39
Q

what cells of the placenta produce the B-hCG

A

syncytrophoblasts

40
Q

because B-hCG is elevated in choriocarcinoma, what can result?

A

hyperthyroidism or gynecomastia

41
Q

what tumor

“ mature fetal tissue derived form 2 or 3 embryonic layers”

A

teratoma

42
Q

what is diff about a teratoma in a male vs female?

A

male-malignant

female-benign

43
Q

what cells in the testicle produce testosterone?

A

leydig cells

44
Q

when do you see reinke crystals?

A

sex cord stromal tumors- leydig cell tumor

45
Q

what are the 2 types of sex cord stromal tumors?

A

leydig cell tumor and sertoli cell tumor

46
Q

describe a sertoli cell tumor

A

comprised of tubules and is clinically silent

47
Q

describe a leydig cell tumor

A

produces androgen causing precocious puberty in children or gynecomastia in adults

48
Q

what is the most common testicular mass in adults over the age of 60?

A

lymphoma

49
Q

what type of lymphoma usually affects testicle?

A

diffuse large B cell type

pathology unit 5 (25 decks)

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