lymphatic system Flashcards
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
4 components of lymphatic system
lymphatic vessels
lymphoid tissues
lymph (fluid)
lymphatic cells
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what do lymphoid cells respond to (3)
environmental pathogens
toxins
abnormal body cells e.g: cancer
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
function of lymphatic system (3)
1) produce maintain spread lymphocytes
2) return fluid from peripheral tissue – blood
3) distribute hormones nutrient waste from tissue to start of circulation
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
primary lymphatic organs (2)
thymus
red bone marrow
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
secondary lymphatic organs/tissues
spleen
lymph nodes
lymphoid nodules
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
lymphatic vessel
structure + function
between cells
capillaries join to form vessels
start as blind pockets
large diameter
thin walls
valves
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what 5 trunks form a lymph trunk
lumbar
intestinal
bronchomediastinal
subclavian
jugular
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
2 types of lymphatic duct
right lymphatic duct (on top right hand side)
thoracic duct (anywhere else)
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
3 type of lymphocytes
T CELL (thymus dependent)
B CELL (bone marrow)
NK CELL (natural killer, bone marrow )
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
how are T cells produced
lymphoid stem cells in THYMUS
–
T cells
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
how are B cells/ NK cells produced
lymphoid stem cells
–
B cells / NK cells
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
role of:
B cells
T cells
NK cells
B = antibody mediated immunity
T = cell mediated immunity
NK = immunological surveillance
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what happens at
EFFERENT + AFFERENT lymphatic vessel
E = clean lymph out
A = lymph fluid in
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what cells would you find in lymph node medulla (2)
where?
b cell
plasma cell
middle of node
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what cells would you find in lymph node inner cortex (1)
where?
t cell
above medulla
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what cells would you find around germinal centre of outer cortex (1)
where?
b cells
edge of the circles
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what cells would you find in germinal centre outer cortex (2)
where?
b cell
in circles
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
difference between lymphoid nodule + lymphoid organs
organs = have outer tissue
nodules = bundle of tissue with no capsule
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
formation of lymph journey (8)
- INTERSTITUAL FLUID
- LYMPHATIC CAPILLARIES
afferent vessel - LYMPH NODES
efferent vessel - LYMPHATIC VESSEL
- LYMPHATIC DUCT
- SUBCLAVIAN VEINS
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
order which lymph travels through node (5)
sub capsular sinus
outer cortex
deep cortex
medulla core
hilum / efferent lymphatics
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what is the role of a lymph node?
purified lymph before return to venous circulation
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
difference between
INNATE
ADAPTIVE
immune response
INNATE: non specific
ADAPTIVE: specific
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
non specific immunity
from birth
no memory
block/attack pathogen
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
specific immunity
identify, attack, develop immunity to antigen
response to antigen
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
7 types of non specific defence
- physical barriers
- phagocytic cells
- NK cells
- Interferons (antiviral)
- complement system
- inflammation
- fever
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
5 ‘categories’/locations of physical barriers
eyes
respiratory tract
skin
digestive tract
genitourinary tract
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
summarise phagocytosis and how antigen presentation occurs
1) APC/phagocyte engulfs pathogen
2) lysosome fuse to pathogen.
3) acidic + lysozyme breaks down pathogen cell wall
4) endoplasmic rect. produce MHC class II – bind to lysosome
5) move antigen parts to surface + present antigen = APC
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
2 types of phagocytes
MACROPHAGE
MICROPHAGE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
macrophage
eosinophils + neutrophils
leave blood stream to fight infection
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
microphage
fixed or free
make moncyte-macrophage system
large, derived from monocytes
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
3 ways macrophage respond to pathogen
engulf
bind
destroy
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
how do NK cells defend (4)
1) recognise pathogen and bind
2) Golgi apparatus line up
3) release perforin
4) perforin forms pore on pathogen and release enzyme to break target cell
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
how do interferons defend
what type of response to they have?
non specific
cytokines released by activated lymphocytes/macrophages
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
3 types of interferons
1) alpha-interferons
stimulate NK cells
2) beta-interferons
slow inflammation
3) gamma interferons
stimulate macrophage
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
summarise the complement system
2 pathways:
classical (fast)
alternative (slow)
chain reaction which converts inactive protein to active protein
form pore on bacteria cell wall to destroy
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
4 effects of complement activation
attract phagocytes
enhance phagocytosis
stimulate inflammation
destroy target cell membrane
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
how does inflammation cause tissue repair (6)
1) increase blood flow
2) phagocytes move to site
3) remove debris
4) clot
5)activate fibrinogen
6) tissue repair
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
2 types of specific immunity
CELL MEDIATED - against intracellular pathogen
HUMORAL - against extracellular pathogen
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
summarise the humoral response
1) red bone marrow – mature b cell
2) b cell – plasma cell + memory cell
3) b cell = produce antibodies
4) antibodies bind to antigen and inactivate
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
summarise the cell mediated response
1) thymus – T cells
2) T cells – killer T cells (CD8 protein)
or
helper T cells (CD4)
3)helper cells activated
4) these activate killer T cells — cytotoxic T cells
5) activated cytotoxic T cells invade antigens
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
what 3 cells make memory cells
b cells
cytotoxic T cells
helper T cells
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
specific immunity is driven by ________, ________, ___________
memory
tolerance
specificity
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
2 types of MHC proteins and where they are presented
CLASS 1: nucleated cells
CLASS 2: APCs, lymphocytes
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
summarise antigen presentation (5)
1) APC/phagocyte engulfs pathogen
2) lysosome fuse to pathogen.
3) acidic + lysozyme breaks down pathogen cell wall
4) endoplasmic rect. produce MHC class II – bind to lysosome
5) move antigen parts to surface + present antigen = APC
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
summarise antigen expression
1) e.g: virus infects
2) unusual peptides chopped up and presented on cell surface
3) by MHC class I
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
3 types of T cells and their roles
1) CYTOTOXIC :
cell mediated immunity, destroy virally infected cells
2) HELPER:
stimulate t/b cell function
3) SURPRESSOR (regulatory):
inhibit t/b cell function
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
CD_ T cells recognised on MHC class I
CD_ T cells recognised on MHC class II
8
4 (as divide 4/2 = 2)
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
5 types of antibodies
IgG (80% of antibodies, from mum)
IgA (glandular secretions)
IgM
IgD
IgE
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
4 problems with the Immune system
1) allergy
2) autoimmune disease: attacks own tissue
3) transplant rejection
4) disease of immune system (primary/secondary)
