Lung Anatomy and Histology Flashcards
What landmark serves as the demarcation between upper and lower respiratory systems?
Cricoid cartilage
The […] carries oxygen poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to become oxygenated.
Pulmonary vein
The right lung has […] lobes while the left lung has […] lobes
3
2
[…] epithelium lines the pharynx and larynx
Stratified squamous
Describe the branching of the bronchial tree starting with the trachea and ending with the alveoli.
Which type of alveolar cells are responsible for gas exchange?
Type 1
Describe the structure of the cells liing the terminal and respiratory bronchioles.
Simple low columnar to cuboidal epithelium with club cells which secrete surfactant to help keep the airway open without the structural support of cartilage
[…] epithelium lines the alveolar ducts, sacts and individual alveoli
Simple squamous
Where in the respiratory system is this slide from?
Trachea
What are the 2 layers of the pleura and what is their function?
Parietal (outer)
Visceral (inner)
Between the pleural membranes is pleural fluid, allows expansion of the lungs without friction
On a histological slide, how can ou tell the difference between a terminal bronchiole and a respiratory bronchiole?
Terminal bronchioles are surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle
Goblet cells, glands and hyaline cartilage are seen in the lower respiratory system up until the level of the […]
At branch point of terminal bronchiole
What is the role of macrophages in alveoli?
Also known as dust cells, they operate on the surface of type 1 pneumocytes to remove particles (dust and pollen) and remove RBCs that enter lungs during heart failure
Describe the relationship of the lungs to the pleura with respect to development.
The lungs grow into the parietal pleura. As the lungs grow and push down into the pleural space, they develop the visceral pleura which is the inner membrane and it is continuous with the parietal pleura which lines the thoacic cavity.
Which type of alveolar cells are responsible for secreting surfactant and generating new alveolar cells if existing cells are damaged?
Type 2
What is the BALT?
Bronchial associated lymphatic tissue
Clusters of lymphatic nodules that exist beween cartilaginous rings/plates in the lower respiratory system that contain immune cells.
Type […] alveolar cells are the most abundant in the lungs, where as type […] take up most of the surface area
2
1
Describe what is meant by mucociliary transport.
Cilia on basement membrane of respiratory system beat together in a rhythmic manner that moves particles trapped in the mucous layer above it through the respiratory system
Describe the boundary between respiratory membrane in the aveloli and the blood
From inside alveoli outward:
- Surfactant
- Type 1 pneumocyte (alveolar cell)
- Fused basal laminae
- Capillary endothelium
- Blood
What structures make up the conducting zone and what is their collective function?
Nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal broncioles
Conduct air into lungs
What structures make up the respiratory zone and what is their collective function?
Respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs, alveoli
Main site of gas exchange between air and blood
How can you ID plasma cells in histological slides from the respiratory system?
Non centered nuclei
The […] carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium to be pumped to the rest of the body.
Pulmonary artery
What type of cartilage covers the structures of the lower respiratory system?
Hyaline cartilage
Immune cells can be found in the […] of the trachea and are predominantly […] cells that secrete […]
Lamina propria and submucosa
Plasma
IgA
[…] epithelium with […] lines the nasal cavity, the trachea, and the bronchi
Pseudostratified ciiated epithelium with goblet cells
What structures make up the lower respiratory system and what is their collective function?
Trachea, bronchi, lungs
conduct inspired air to gas exchange portions of lower respiratory system and trap small inhaled particulate matter
Where in the respiratory system is this slide from?
Bronchus
Ciliated cells are present in the lower respiratory tract until what level?
The respiratory bronchiole
Label the diagram and explain what the following cell types do:
- Ciliated
- Brush
- Basal
- Kulchitsky
- Mucociliary transport
- Chemosensors
- Progenitor cells to replenish any cell of pseudostratified epithelial lining
- Neuroendocrine, linked to GI system
The pleural cavity extends down to the level of […] in the back
T12
If a child swallows something they’re not supposed to and it enters the trachea by mistake, which lung is it more likely to enter?
The right lung due to the fact that the primary bronchus for the right side is at a higher angle (180ish degrees) compared to the left lung’s primary bronchus (~90degrees)
What is the function of the upper respiratory system?
Condition the inspired air (warm it and humidify it) and trap large inhaled particles
Describe the change in cartilage structure as you move inferiorly in the lower respiratory system.
Trachea –> rings of cartilage
Primary bronchioles and lower –> plates of cartilage until reach the terminal bronchiole
Terminal bronchiole –> smooth muscle
Respiratory bronchioles and alveoli –> some smooth muscle but more elastic fibers
The […] supplies the blood to the lung tissue itself.
Bronchial arteries
What is a serous membrane and how is it different from a mucus membrane?
Serous membranes are not exposed to environment whereas mucus membranes are
What structures make up the upper respiratory system?
Nose, pharynx, larynx
