Epidemiology and GB of Pulm Dis

Question 1

COPD and lower respiratory infections where the […] and […] th leading causes of death worldwide in 2016.

Answer 1

3rd and 4th

Question 2

What are the 4 pulmonary diseases to know that affect the global population?

Answer 2

COPD

TB

Lung Cancer

Lower respiratory infection

Question 3

Pneumonia

• Caused by?
• Overall mortality trend over last 20 years?
• Most commonly seen in what group of people?
• Where is this most prevalent?
• What can be done to prevent this disease?

Answer 3

• Viruses, bacteria or fungi that cause fluid, pus build up in lungs making breathing more difficult
• Decreasing
• # 1 infectious cause of death in children worldwide
• Subsaharan africa and south asia
• Immunization; adequate nutrition; reduce smoking exposure; reduce exposure to smoke from other sources

Question 4

Tuberculosis

• Caused by
• How is this transmitted?
• Symptoms?
• Who is most at risk?
• Where is this most prevelant?

Answer 4

• Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• AIrborne droplets
• Cough and sputum, chest pain, weakness, weight loss, fever
• People with HIV/AIDS, adults
• South east asia, africa

Question 5

Asthma

• What is this?
• Who is most impacted by this?
• Where is mortality from this disease highest?
• What are some risk factors?
• What are some interventions?

Answer 5

• Chronic disease of bronchi, recurrent episodes of breathlessness
• Most common chronic disease among children
• Low and middle income countries
• Environmental factors (inhaled subtances, tobacco smoke, indoor allergens) and infections
• Immunization, medication to control, avoid triggers that flare asthma

Question 6

COPD

• What is this?
• Symptoms
• Is it curable?
• Prevalence
• Where is mortality highest?
• Primary cause

Answer 6

• Progresive lung disease associated with inflammatory response to noxious particles or gasses leading to air flow obstruction
• Breathlessness initially with exertion
• Not curable
• 251 million worldwide 2016
• Low and middle income countries
• Tobacco smoke

Question 7

Lung Cancer

• Total deaths and new cases of lung cancer
• Incidence in men and women
• Leading risk factor

Answer 7

• ~1.8 million; 2 million
• Most common cancer globally in men, 3rd most common in women
• Smoking tobacco

Question 8

What is mortality?

Answer 8

deaths / unit of population

Question 9

What is years of life lost?

Answer 9

Number of deaths * standard life expectancy at age of death in years

Question 10

What is years lived with disability?

Answer 10

Number of prevalent cases * disability weight of specific condition (between 0 and 1)

Question 11

Waht is a disability adjusted life year (DALY)?

Answer 11

Years of life lost + years lived with disability

1 DALY = 1 year of healthy life lost

Question 12

How do you interpret this tree map?

Answer 12

The colors tell you the general type of disease (infectious, traumatic, etc.)

The shades of the color tell you if the disease has increased or decreased in mortality over the time frame you’ve selected (darker = increased, lighter = decreased)

The size of the box tells you its magnitude to the parameter that is being evaluated

Question 13

[…] is the leading cause of mortality among children worldwide, primarily in developing countries, but this rate is […] with improved public health measures, nutrition and health care.

Answer 13

Lower respiratory infection

declining