Anatomy - Lungs

Question 1

The anteior surface of the trachea is made of […] while the posterior surface is made of […]

Answer 1

Cartilaginous rings

Muscle

Question 2

The internal structure at the bifurcation of the trachea is the […]

Answer 2

Carina

Question 3

The […] supplies blood to the trachea

Answer 3

Inferior thyroid artery

Question 4

The inferior thyroid artery supplies blood to the trachea until the carina. After the carina, the bronchi receive blood from where?

Answer 4

Bronchial branches off of thoracic aorta

Question 5

What is the superior most aspect of the lungs and where is it found in the thorax?

Answer 5

Question 6

The diaphragm is higher on the […] than the […] because of what organ?

Answer 6

Right; left

Liver (liver takes up space in right superior quadrant of abdomen, causing diaphragm to be higher on right

Question 7

The diaphragm is a dome shaped muscle with its peak in line with the […] on the right and with […] on the left.

Answer 7

Nipples (4th intercostal space)

5th intercostal space

Question 8

The nipples fall between wich ribs?

Answer 8

4 and 5

Question 9

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Question 10

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Question 11

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Question 12

Describe the changes in pain that are felt during spontaneous pneumothorax and the nerves that are implicated in this pain response.

Answer 12

As air accumulates between parietal and viscera pleurae, the parietal pleura becomes irritated and inflamed. Pain from somatic nerves is often sharp and easy to locate and the parietal pleura is innervated by somatic nerves (phrenic and intercostal). As such, the initial pneumothorax pain is very sharp.

As the lung continues to collapse, the pain dulls because the lung is no longer in contact with the parietal pleura so the only nerve sending pain information is the vagus. However, autonomic pain signals are not well interpreted by the brain. This explains why a person can experience a decrease in pain with worsening pneumothorax and decrease in pulmonary function.

Question 13

Answer 13

Question 14

What is the clinical significance of the costodiaphragmatic recess?

Answer 14

The CDR should have sharp boundaries on an xray. If they are not or if it is cloudy, it indicates fluid accumulation in the CDR where it should not be.

Question 15

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Question 16

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Question 17

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Question 18

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Question 19

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Question 20

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Question 21

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Question 22

Bronchial arteries can arise from what 2 sources?

Answer 22

Thoracic aorta

Posterior intercostal

Question 23

Answer 23

Question 24

The lungs, trachea, and esophagus all develop from what embryological structure?

Answer 24

Laryngotracheal tube, most proximal part of gut tube

Question 25

• When do we start to see the beginnings of lung development?
• When is the latest we know of for lung development to reach completion?

Answer 25

4 weeks old

7-8 years

Question 26

What is the biggest issue / risk with babies that are born premature?

Answer 26

Their lungs may be underdeveloped and unable to function properly once born.

Question 27

What is a fistula?

Answer 27

An abnormal connection between 2 tubes in the body

Question 28

What is a tracheoesophageal fistula?

Answer 28

Upper segment of esophagus ends in a blind pouch and the lower segmnet originates from the trachea just above the bifurcation