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GI tract > Lower abdomen > Flashcards

Lower abdomen Flashcards

1
Q

Whats the flow of food as it passes through the stomach to the anal canal?

A

Stomach-Duodenum-Jejunum-Ileum-Cecum-Ascending colon-Transverse colon-Descending colon-Sigmoid colon-Rectum-Anal canal
SDJICATDSRA (try making an acronym for that)

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2
Q

What is the entrance to the esophagus called?

A

The cardiac orifice

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3
Q

What is the exit to the duodenum called?

A

Pyloric sphincter

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4
Q

T/F the stomach is lined with rugae?

A

Trooth

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5
Q

Of the duodenum, the jejunum and the ileum, which ones are mobile and which ones are immobile?

A

Duodenum is fixed and relatively immobile

Jejunum and ileum are very mobile

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6
Q

What are the plicae circularis?

A

They are permanent folds within the intestine

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7
Q

What are the four parts of the duodenum?

A

superior, descending, inferior, ascending

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8
Q

The jejunal and ileal arteries are branches of what?

A

the superior mesenteric artery

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9
Q

Meckel’s diverticulum is in what part of the GI tract?

A

the ileum

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10
Q

Where is Meckel’s diverticulum located?

A

about 1 meter proximal to the ileocecal valve

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11
Q

The large intestine is also known as the ___. and it frames what?

A

Known as the colon

It frames the small intestines

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12
Q

What are the five segments of the colon?

A

cecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon

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13
Q

What are the two flexures of the large intestine?

A

Right colic- hepatic flexure

Left colic- splenic flexure

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14
Q

The appendix opens into what?

A

The cecum

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15
Q

T/F- the appendix opens into the cecum superiorly?

A

false, inferiorly, just below the ileocecal orifice

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16
Q

There is a triangular swatch of mesentary between the ileum and the appendix. What is that called?

A

The mesoappendix

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17
Q

What is appendicitis?

A

an inflamed appendix

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18
Q

Pain from appendicitis is referred to what level?

A

T10

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19
Q

There are 3 bands of smooth muscle that parallel the length of the colon and they produce outpouchings called what?

A

Teniae coli muscles produce haustra oli which are the outpouchings

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20
Q

What are epiploic appendage appendages and where are they found?

A

fat tags found along the colon

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21
Q

The celiac trunk, the superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries are all branches off of what?

A

The abdominal aorta

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22
Q

What does the celiac trunk supply?

A

the liver, gallbladder, espophagus, stomach, pancreas and spleen

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23
Q

What are the three main branches off the celiac trunk?

A

common hepatic
Left gastric
Splenic artery

24
Q

What does the superior mesenteric artery supply and how does it do it?

A

It supplies the small intestine by sending out 15-18 intestinal arteries

25
Q

What else does the superior mesenteric artery supply via which arteries?

A

It supplies proximal 2/3 of transverse colon via the ileocolic, right colic and middle colic arteries

26
Q

The inferior mesenteric artery supplies what via which arteries?

A

It supplies the distal 1/3 of the transverse colon via the left colic, sigmoid, and superior rectal arteries

27
Q

T/F there is a lot of variation in the SMA and IMA?

A

True

28
Q

Anastomoses exist between colic branches for collateral circulation. These form a consisten vascular arc around the colon via what?

A

The marginal artery of Drummond

29
Q

The gastroduodenal artery gives off the pancreaticoduodenal arteries

A

yep

30
Q

The SMA gives off a branch that helps supply the pancreas. What is it?

A

It gives off the inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery

31
Q

Which two arteries anastomose and supply the head of the pancreas and duodenum?

A

the pancreaticodudodenal and the inferior pancreaticoduodenal arteries

32
Q

The renal arteries supply what?

A

The kidneys

33
Q

The renal arteries have branches that supply what two things?

A

The adrenal glands and the ureters

34
Q

The renal and gonadal arteries are lateral branches off of what?

A

the abdominal aorta

35
Q

The renal arteries enter the ____ of each kidney to supply it.

A

The hilum

36
Q

Which artery is more superior, the renal or gonadal artery?

A

The renal artery

37
Q

A what level does the inferior vena cava begin?

A

around L5

38
Q

The inferior vena cava returns blood to the heart from where? (5 things)

A

Lower limbs, most of the back, abdominal wall, and abdominopelvic viscera

39
Q

The portal vein is formed by what?

A

the union of the splenic and superior mesenteric veins

40
Q

The portal vein drains what?

A

the spleen, pancreas, gall bladder, abdominal GI tract

41
Q

Portal-caval anastomoses:

gastric vein &

A

esophageal vein

42
Q

Portal-caval anastomoses:

paraumbilical vein &

A

epigastric vein

43
Q

Portal-caval anastomoses:

superior rectal vein &

A

middle/inferior rectal vein

44
Q

Portal-caval anastomoses:

colic vein &

A

retroperitoneal vein

45
Q

T/F the portal venous system doesn’t have valves?

A

true

46
Q

The portal-caval anastomoses- clinical notes:
because of portal hypertensions, which restricts blood flow, the caval veins can become engorged, possibly dilated and varicose

A

yep

47
Q

The portal-caval anastomoses- clinical notes:

dilated infra & mid. rectal veins produce hemorrhoids that can lead to vascualr rupture and severe hemorrhaging

A

also good to know

48
Q

Innervation to the viscera of the abdomen is via what?

A

the autonomic nerve plexus

49
Q

Where do sympathetic and parasympathetic fibers for the abdomen originate from?

A

Sympathetic- from T5-L2 (thoracolumbar)

Parasympathetic- from CN X and S2-4 (craniosacral)

50
Q

Preganglionic splanchnic nerves synapse where?

A

You know this is going to be a test question.

The answer is in the collateral ganglia

51
Q

Postganglionic sympathetic fibers leave the ganglia to reach the effector organs. How do the post synaptic fibers travel?

A

They travel on all the main arterial branches

52
Q

Where do parasympathetic preganglionic nerves from CN X travel?

A

on upper arterial branches (celiac trunk, SMA, renal)

53
Q

Where do preganglionic nerves from S2-4 travel?

A

on the lower arterial branches (IMA and branches)

54
Q

Where do synapses of the parasympathetics occur?

A

within the effector organ

55
Q

What are the 4 major autonomic ganglia and plexuses of the abdomen?

A
  1. Celiac ganglion
  2. Superior mesenteric ganglion
  3. Aorticorenal ganglion
  4. Inferior mesenteric ganglion
56
Q

The 4 major ganglia receive nerve inputs from where?

A

The inferior mesenteric ganglion receives lumbar splanchnic nerve and S2-4 branches
All the rest receive thoracic splanchnic nerves and CN X branches

GI tract (14 decks)

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