Endocrine histology

Question 1

Exocrine gland means

Answer 1

it secretes onto a surface, directly or through a duct

Question 2

Endocrine gland means

Answer 2

it secretes internally and is ductless

Question 3

What are the two types of hormones?

Answer 3

Circulating

Local

Question 4

What are the two subgroups of local hormones and what do they mean?

Answer 4

Paracrine- acts on other cells

Autocrine- acts on itself

Question 5

The hypothalamus is the ______ control center.

Answer 5

Autonomic

Question 6

The hypothalamus is connected to the _____ via the infindibulum

Answer 6

pituitary gland

Question 7

The pituitary gland is also known as the what?

Answer 7

the hypophysis

Question 8

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

Answer 8

Anterior and posterior pituitary

Question 9

What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary?

Answer 9

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

Question 10

What are the two parts of the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 10

Pars nervosa

Infindibulum

Question 11

The anterior lobe of the hypophysis develops from where?

Answer 11

The roof of the mouth

Question 12

The release of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by _____ ______ and suppressed by ______ _____. from the ______.

Answer 12

releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones
Hypothalamus

Question 13

The regulating hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary via what?

Answer 13

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

Question 14

What are the two groups of secretaory cells in pars distalis? What is the main difference?

Answer 14

Chromophils
Chromophobes
This is based on staining affinity- color loving or color hating

Question 15

What are the two different types of chromophils?

Answer 15

Basophils- affinity for basic dyes

Acidophils- affinity for acidic dyes

Question 16

What are the three types of basophils?

Answer 16

Gonadotropic cells
Corticotropic cells
Thyrotropic cells

Question 17

What are the two types of acidophils?

Answer 17

Somatotropic cells

Mammotropic cells

Question 18

What percent of pars distalis are chromophobes?

Answer 18

50%

Question 19

T/F the posterior pituitary doesn’t synthesize hormones?

Answer 19

Truthhhe.

Question 20

What does the posterior pituitary do?

Answer 20

It stores and releases hormones

Question 21

What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary?

Answer 21

Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 22

Where are the hormones of the posterior pituitary synthesized?

Answer 22

The (neurosecretory neurons of the) hypothalamus

Question 23

What are Herring bodies?

Answer 23

They are dilated portions of the axon that store hormones

Question 24

What is the pineal gland?

Answer 24

It regulates sleep and wake cycles (circadian rhythm)

Question 25

What is the major hormone produced by the pineal gland?

Answer 25

Melatonin

Question 26

What are the two types of cells in the pineal glands?

Answer 26

Pinealocytes (95%) | Interstitial (glial) cells (5%)

Question 27

The pineal gland looks like what?

Answer 27

Brain sand

Question 28

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

Answer 28

Medulla | Cortex

Question 29

The cortex of the adrenal glands is made up of what?

Answer 29

Steroid secreting cells

Question 30

The medulla of the adrenal glands contain what type of cells?

Answer 30

The catecholamine secreting cells

Question 31

The adrenal medulla produces three ______ hormones.

Answer 31

Catecholamine

Question 32

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocoriticoids (mainly cortisol)?

Answer 32

The Zona fasciculata

Question 33

From outside to inside, what are the layers/zones of the adrenal gland?

Answer 33

Zona glomerulosa Zona fasciculata Zona reticularis Adrenal medulla

Question 34

T/F the adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system?

Answer 34

True

Question 35

Does the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue as the other sympathetic ganglia of the body?

Answer 35

Yep

Question 36

What are the cells called in the adrenal medulla that cluster around blood vessels and release hormones?

Answer 36

Chromaffin cells

Question 37

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called?

Answer 37

The islets of Langerhans

Question 38

T/F the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.

Answer 38

True

Question 39

What are the three types of cells of the islets of Langerhans?

Answer 39

Beta/B cells Alpha/A cells Delta/D cells

Question 40

What do B cells do?

Answer 40

B cells synthesize and secrete insulin

Question 41

What do alpha cells do?

Answer 41

A cells synthesize and secrete glucagon

Question 42

What do D cells do?

Answer 42

D cells synthesize and secrete somatostatin

Question 43

What type of cell is most commonly found in the pancreas?

Answer 43

Beta cells

Question 44

What does insulin do?

Answer 44

It signals the cells for the uptake of sugar into the cell and to make glycogen

Question 45

What does glucagon do?

Answer 45

It signals for the breakdown of glycogen and glucose gets released into the blood?

Question 46

What does somatostatin do?

Answer 46

It inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion- think statin-stationary- no secretion

Question 47

What are the two thyroid hormones?

Answer 47

T4- thyroxin | T3- Tri-iodothyronine

Question 48

T3 and T4 are important for what?

Answer 48

Growth, basal metabolic rate

Question 49

Parafollicular cells are responsible for the production of and are found where?

Answer 49

Calcitonin (CT) | Thyroid gland

Question 50

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 50

It decreases the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast activity and encouraging bone deposition

Question 51

How is calcitonin regulated?

Answer 51

Negative feedback- high levels of blood calcium stimulate the secretion of calcitonin while low levels of Ca inhibit the secretion of CT

Question 52

What are the two parathyroid cell types?

Answer 52

Chief cells- produce parathyroid hormone | Oxyphil cells- no idea what it does

Question 53

Which cells produce PTH?

Answer 53

The chief cells of the parathyroid gland

Question 54

What does PTH do?

Answer 54

It increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity and allowing the kidneys to leave more calcium in the blood

Question 55

How is PTH regulated?

Answer 55

Negative feedback