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GI tract > Endocrine histology > Flashcards

Endocrine histology Flashcards

1
Q

Exocrine gland means

A

it secretes onto a surface, directly or through a duct

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2
Q

Endocrine gland means

A

it secretes internally and is ductless

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3
Q

What are the two types of hormones?

A

Circulating

Local

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4
Q

What are the two subgroups of local hormones and what do they mean?

A

Paracrine- acts on other cells

Autocrine- acts on itself

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5
Q

The hypothalamus is the ______ control center.

A

Autonomic

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6
Q

The hypothalamus is connected to the _____ via the infindibulum

A

pituitary gland

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7
Q

The pituitary gland is also known as the what?

A

the hypophysis

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8
Q

What are the two parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior and posterior pituitary

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9
Q

What are the three parts of the anterior pituitary?

A

Pars distalis
Pars intermedia
Pars tuberalis

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10
Q

What are the two parts of the posterior pituitary gland?

A

Pars nervosa

Infindibulum

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11
Q

The anterior lobe of the hypophysis develops from where?

A

The roof of the mouth

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12
Q

The release of hormones from the anterior pituitary is stimulated by _____ ______ and suppressed by ______ _____. from the ______.

A

releasing hormones
inhibiting hormones
Hypothalamus

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13
Q

The regulating hormones from the hypothalamus reach the anterior lobe of the pituitary via what?

A

Hypothalamo-hypophyseal portal system

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14
Q

What are the two groups of secretaory cells in pars distalis? What is the main difference?

A

Chromophils
Chromophobes
This is based on staining affinity- color loving or color hating

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15
Q

What are the two different types of chromophils?

A

Basophils- affinity for basic dyes

Acidophils- affinity for acidic dyes

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16
Q

What are the three types of basophils?

A

Gonadotropic cells
Corticotropic cells
Thyrotropic cells

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17
Q

What are the two types of acidophils?

A

Somatotropic cells

Mammotropic cells

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18
Q

What percent of pars distalis are chromophobes?

A

50%

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19
Q

T/F the posterior pituitary doesn’t synthesize hormones?

A

Truthhhe.

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20
Q

What does the posterior pituitary do?

A

It stores and releases hormones

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21
Q

What are the two hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A 
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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22
Q

Where are the hormones of the posterior pituitary synthesized?

A

The (neurosecretory neurons of the) hypothalamus

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23
Q

What are Herring bodies?

A

They are dilated portions of the axon that store hormones

24
Q

What is the pineal gland?

A

It regulates sleep and wake cycles (circadian rhythm)

25
Q

What is the major hormone produced by the pineal gland?

A

Melatonin

26
Q

What are the two types of cells in the pineal glands?

A

Pinealocytes (95%)

Interstitial (glial) cells (5%)

27
Q

The pineal gland looks like what?

A

Brain sand

28
Q

What are the two parts of the adrenal glands?

A

Medulla

Cortex

29
Q

The cortex of the adrenal glands is made up of what?

A

Steroid secreting cells

30
Q

The medulla of the adrenal glands contain what type of cells?

A

The catecholamine secreting cells

31
Q

The adrenal medulla produces three ______ hormones.

A

Catecholamine

32
Q

Which zone of the adrenal cortex secretes glucocoriticoids (mainly cortisol)?

A

The Zona fasciculata

33
Q

From outside to inside, what are the layers/zones of the adrenal gland?

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis
Adrenal medulla

34
Q

T/F the adrenal medulla is a modified sympathetic ganglion of the autonomic nervous system?

A

True

35
Q

Does the adrenal medulla develop from the same embryonic tissue as the other sympathetic ganglia of the body?

A

Yep

36
Q

What are the cells called in the adrenal medulla that cluster around blood vessels and release hormones?

A

Chromaffin cells

37
Q

What is the endocrine portion of the pancreas called?

A

The islets of Langerhans

38
Q

T/F the pancreas has both exocrine and endocrine functions.

A

True

39
Q

What are the three types of cells of the islets of Langerhans?

A

Beta/B cells
Alpha/A cells
Delta/D cells

40
Q

What do B cells do?

A

B cells synthesize and secrete insulin

41
Q

What do alpha cells do?

A

A cells synthesize and secrete glucagon

42
Q

What do D cells do?

A

D cells synthesize and secrete somatostatin

43
Q

What type of cell is most commonly found in the pancreas?

A

Beta cells

44
Q

What does insulin do?

A

It signals the cells for the uptake of sugar into the cell and to make glycogen

45
Q

What does glucagon do?

A

It signals for the breakdown of glycogen and glucose gets released into the blood?

46
Q

What does somatostatin do?

A

It inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion- think statin-stationary- no secretion

47
Q

What are the two thyroid hormones?

A

T4- thyroxin

T3- Tri-iodothyronine

48
Q

T3 and T4 are important for what?

A

Growth, basal metabolic rate

49
Q

Parafollicular cells are responsible for the production of and are found where?

A

Calcitonin (CT)

Thyroid gland

50
Q

What does calcitonin do?

A

It decreases the level of calcium in the blood by inhibiting osteoclast activity and encouraging bone deposition

51
Q

How is calcitonin regulated?

A

Negative feedback- high levels of blood calcium stimulate the secretion of calcitonin while low levels of Ca inhibit the secretion of CT

52
Q

What are the two parathyroid cell types?

A

Chief cells- produce parathyroid hormone

Oxyphil cells- no idea what it does

53
Q

Which cells produce PTH?

A

The chief cells of the parathyroid gland

54
Q

What does PTH do?

A

It increases blood calcium by stimulating osteoclast activity and allowing the kidneys to leave more calcium in the blood

55
Q

How is PTH regulated?

A

Negative feedback

GI tract (14 decks)

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