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GI tract > Embryo of GI tract > Flashcards

Embryo of GI tract Flashcards

1
Q

What tissue layer makes up the epithelial lining and glands of the GI tract?

A

Endoderm

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2
Q

During lateral folding, what is incorporated as the embryonic midgut?

A

yolk sac endoderm

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3
Q

What tissue forms the smooth muscle and connective tissue of the GI tract?

A

Splanchnic mesoderm

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4
Q

What is the peritoneum?

A

The serous membrane lining the abdominal cavity (parietal) and organs (visceral)

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5
Q

What is the mesentery?

A

A double layer of peritoneum that suspends an organ from the body wall (it can contain CT blood vessels, lymphatics and nerves

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6
Q

How are organs suspended from the body wall?

A

via the mesentery

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7
Q

What creates mesenteries?

A

lateral folding

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8
Q

What is the splanchnic mesoderm responsible for?

A

smooth muscle and connective tissue of the GI tract (including mesenteries)

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9
Q

What is the ectodermal contribution to the GI tract?

A

neural crest cells

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10
Q

What are neural crest cells responsible for in the GI tract?

A

They form the enteric nervous system

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11
Q

T/F all three germ layers contribute to the GI tract?

A

truth

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12
Q

T/F the GI tract is divided into the foregut, midgut, and hindgut regions?

A

true

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13
Q

What artery supplies the pharynx?

A

the pharyngeal arch arteries

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14
Q

What artery supplies the foregut?

A

The celiac trunk

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15
Q

What artery supplies the midgut?

A

The superior mesenteric artery (SMA)

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16
Q

What artery supplies the hindgut?

A

The inferior mesenteric artery (IMA)

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17
Q

What is the developmental structure that will eventually become the trachea, respiratory tree and lungs?

A

The respiratory diverticulum (appears on the ventral side of the foregut)

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18
Q

Which side of the stomach is the greater and lesser curvature on?

A

Greater curvature is on the dorsal side

Lesser curvature is the ventral surface of the stomach

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19
Q

T/F the stomach undergoes 90 degree clockwise rotation if looking from above?

A

truth

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20
Q

How does this affect the position of the greater and lesser curvatures?

A

Lesser curvature (ventral) ends up on the right side and the greater curvature (dorsal) ends up on the left

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21
Q

Because of stomach rotation in development, which nerve supplies which part of the stomach and why?

A

Well, the nerves travel with the stomach as it turns, so the right vagus nerve supplies the dorsal stomach which is on the left and vice versa

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22
Q

Where does the spleen form?

A

Between two leaves of the dorsal mesogastruim

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23
Q

As the stomach rotates the dorsal mesogastrium is carried to the _____ side.

A

Left (just follows the rotation of the stomach)

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24
Q

What important structure follows the dorsal mesogastrium as it is carried to the left?

A

The spleen

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25
Q

Understand stomach rotation and mesogastrium repositioning

A

Okay.

26
Q

Where is the duodenum?

A

It is the C-shaped loop just distal (on its way out) to the stomach

27
Q

The duodenum is made up of what two portions of the gut?

A

Proximal half is the foregut and the distal half is the midgut

28
Q

Which organs are secondarily retroperitoneal?

A

distal duodenum

pancreas

29
Q

What does the hepatic diverticulum give rise to? (3 things)

A

It gives rise to the:
liver
gall bladder
bile ducts

30
Q

Where does the hepatic diverticulum arise from (what tissue) and where at in the gut? Where does it travel?

A

It emerges ventrally from the endoderm of the distal foregut and grows superiorly toward the septum transversum

31
Q

T/F- as I look out the window while making these cards, there is a snowstorm going on.

A

Trooth.

32
Q

How does the pancreas get its developmental start? (tissue, location)

A

It emerges from the distal foregut as two endodermal buds- one dorsal and one ventral

33
Q

T/F as the duodenum rotates, the ventral bud swings in a clockwise direction until it fuses with the dorsal bud?

A

Truth

34
Q

When the ventral bud of the pancreas fuses with the dorsals bud, what does it become? (2 things)

A

the uncinate process and the inferior portion of the head of the pancreas

35
Q

The main pancreatic duct is made up of what?

A

The distal portion of the dorsal bud duct and the ventral bud duct

36
Q

What is the accessory pancreatic duct made up of?

A

the proximal dorsal bud duct

37
Q

What is an annular pancreas?

A

When the ventral bud develops, it has two portions that usually fuse before rotation. If that doesn’t happen each portion can wrap around the duodenum, creating an obstructive ring

38
Q

T/F, the midgut forms a U-shaped loop

A

true

39
Q

The cranial limb of the midgut contains what three things?

A

distal duodenum
jejunum
proximal ileum

40
Q

The caudal limb of the midgut contains what four things?

A

distal ileum
cecum+appendix
ascending colon
proximal 2/3 of transverse colon

41
Q

What is a physiological umbilical hernia and what causes it?

A

Caused by insufficient room in the abdominal cavity, it is a temporary herniation of the midgut loop in the proximal umbilical cord

42
Q

What is congenital omphalocoele?

A

It is a persisting umbilical hernia where the viscera is covered by the amnion and is within the proximal umbilical cord

43
Q

T/F gastrochisis involves the umbilical cord?

A

false

44
Q

The midgut rotation rotates which way, how much, happens when, and what is the axis of rotation?

A

Counterclockwise 90 degrees
during week 6
superior mesenteric artery (SMA) is the axis

45
Q

When does the 2nd midgut rotation occur?

A

During week 10

46
Q

What does the 2nd midgut rotation accomplish?

A

the 180 degree CCW rotation brings the intestines into their normal position

47
Q

What is the total counterclockwise rotation of the midgut?

A

270 degrees

48
Q

T/F the ascending and descending colon become primarily retroperitoneal?

A

False- secondarily retroperitoneal

49
Q

What happens if there is nonrotation of the midgut?

A

The caudal limb returns first and you get a left-sided colon

50
Q

What happens in reversed rotation of the midgut?

A

The first rotation happens normally and the second rotation is reversed resulting in a net 90 degree clockwise rotation.

51
Q

What is volvulus?

A

it’s where abnormal rotation causes the intestinal loop to get all tangled up and can result in bowel obstruction or compromised blood flow

52
Q

What is the definition of stenosis?

A

The abnormal narrowing of a lumen/orifice (for a tubular organ or structure)

53
Q

What is atresia?

A

The condition in which a body or lumen or orifice is abnormally closed or absent

54
Q

What is a fistula?

A

An abnormal passageway between two organs/vessels or between an organ and the external environment

55
Q

T/F the intestines (specifically the midgut loop) become temporarily occluded?

A

True

56
Q

What could cause stenosis or atresia in the duodenum?

A

failure of the lumen to recanalize by the end of week 8

57
Q

What is the most common GI malformation and what does it cause?

A

Meckels (ileal) diverticulum. It causes ulcers and bleeding

58
Q

What partitions the cloaca?

A

A urorectal septum

59
Q

What divides the cloacal membrane into the urogenital and anal membranes?

A

A urorectal septum

60
Q

The cloaca is partitioned into what to things?

A

The urogenital sinus ventrally and the anorectal canal dorsally

61
Q

An aganglionic portion of the colon is caused by and called what?

A

Caused by neural crest cells failing to migrate to form the enteric nervous system. Called Hirschsprung’s disease

GI tract (14 decks)

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