Logic Flashcards
Using profound rationality by means of reasoning,
sound judgement, innovative imagination, genuine
creativity, etc.
CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING
“Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture
and Sports” … states that: “All educational
institutions shall … encourage critical and
creative thinking…”
1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION SEC. 3
● Directed towards attainment of truth
● Elaborates previously known knowledge
THINKING
● To be filled with curiosity or doubt
● An event inexplicable by the laws of nature; a
miracle
● A feeling of puzzlement or doubt
WONDER
● Walk or move in a leisurely, casual, or aimless way
● An act or instance of wandering
● Philosophy leads to wandering
WANDER
● Is the science of all things by their first causes as
known in light of reason
● Comes from two Greek words
○ Philia meaning Love
○ Sophia meaning Wisdom
○ Literally means “Love of Wisdom,” meaning a person who dares and seeks the truth
PHILOSOPHY
○ The word science comes from the Latin verb
“Scire,” which means to know
● As the Science of all things:
○ It deals with concrete, real, contingent things
● As known in Light of Reason:
○ It seeks the first causes of things as far as they
can be rationally established by the human
mind & aided by Divine Revelation
PHILOSOPHY AS SCIENCE
● A Greek philosopher who was first to use the term
“Philosophy”
● Noted that there are three types of man
○ Lover of pleasure
○ Lover of success
○ Lover of wisdom (SUPERIOR TYPE)
PYTHAGORAS
● Study of moral values and principles
ETHICS
● Knowledge science that explores the nature and
limitations of knowledge
● Investigates how knowledge is obtained and
explores the relationship between belief, truth
and knowledge
EPISTEMOLOGY
● Explores the fundamental nature of reality and
being
● Existence, Objects, Properties, Space and Time,
Cause and Effect
METAPHYSICS
● Explores nature and the appreciation of beauty,
art, and taste
● Deals with the principles of beauty and artistic
taste
AESTHETICS
LOGIC SERVES AS A TOOL TO…
1.) Ensures coherence and avoids contradictions
2.) Differentiates sound arguments from fallacies.
3.) Challenges assumptions and deepens understanding
1.) Structure arguments
2.) Evaluate Reasoning
3.) Promote critical thinking
● Is the study of correct reasoning. A basic tool that
philosophers use to investigate reality
● From Greek word “logos” meaning study, reason or
discourse
LOGIC
● Founder of Logic and Father of Science
● Belonged to an aristocratic family
● Founded Lyceum in Athens
● Was a disciple of Plato, and tutored Alexander the
Great
ARISTOTLE
● Examined & analysed the thinking processes for
the purpose of formulating laws of thought
● A compilation of 6 treatises which included:
○ Categories
○ On interpretation
○ Prior Analytics
○ Posterior Analytics
○ Topics
ORGANON
LOGIC AND MEDICAL HEALTH CARE SCIENCES
1.) Application in ethical decision-making and problem-solving ethical dilemmas
2.) Diagnostic reasoning and critical thinking
3.) Risk assessment and management
4.) Crisis management
5.) Multidisciplinary Collaboration
6.) Evidence-based Practice
IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC
- It helps us arrive at a sound rational decision
through careful evaluation of the pros and cons.
Our decisions always affect our lifestyle - Logic can be viewed as our defensive tool, a tool
that allows us to defend ourselves against the
onslaught of powerful persuasive appeals that
bombard us in our daily lives.
It refers to the operations of the mind by which we
grasp the meaning of the term, deny or affirm it and
reason out for our action
○ Simple Apprehension
○ Judgement
○ Reasoning
ACTIVITIES OF THE HUMAN MIND
● French humanist, logician, and educational
reformer
● He criticized the nature of Aristotelian logic &
introduced the three-fold activities of the mind
PIERRE DE LA RAMEE
● Taken from the Latin word prehendere which
means to seize
● It is the act of mentally grasping the essence or
nature of an object, event, or concept without
making any judgments or affirmations about it
SIMPLE APPREHENSION
- In healthcare, simple apprehension is
crucial for understanding medical terms,
symptoms, and anatomical structures.
Example: A medical student sees a diagram of the
human heart and mentally forms the concept of “heart”
without concluding anything about its function or health
condition
Formation of Concepts or Ideas
- occurs when the senses incorrectly
perceive an object or phenomenon,
leading to an inaccurate mental image
Example: pale skin = anemia
Misperception (Sensory Errors)
- The human mind gathers information
through the senses (vision, hearing, touch,
smell, taste) or abstract reasoning.
Example: A nurse sees a red, swollen wound and
recognizes the concept of “inflammation” without yet
determining its cause or severity
Operates on Sensory Input or Mental Abstraction
- occurs when a person applies a
concept too broadly, if ALL similar
objects share the same characteristics
Example: Chest pain = Heart attack
Overgeneralization
- when a concept is too broad or unclear,
leading to confusion due to language
barriers, poor communication, or lack of
precise terminology
Example: weak = fatigue, muscle weakness, or
dizziness
Ambiguity or Vagueness
- mistaking one object or concept for
another due to perceived similarities
Example: Herbal Medicine = Prescription Drugs
False Analogy
- The assumption that an entire group or
category shares identical characteristics
Example: patients with memory problems = Alzheimer’s
disease
Stereotyping (Cognitive Bias)
● it is the representation of the thing in the mind. The
mind creates a duplicate of something that has
been conceived by oneself.
● an “idea” that starts from outside reality and
apprehended by the senses.
CONCEPT
- is defined as a mental process whereby
the mind separates the essential
features of the object from
non-essential ones.
Abstraction
those that are not substantial, yet they
are added to the very essence of the
object.
Non-essential features
- means those without which a certain
object will cease to manifest
Essential features
- a concept by which we understand what a
thing is according to what it is - It is independent of our thinking as it exists
out of man’s analytical mind
Example:
Hospital = a physical place where medical care is provided
Man = rational being
First Intention
a concept by which we conceive a thing in reality in so far as the mind knows and understands it.
- a concept in which we add to our
understanding of the nature or essence of a
thing
Example:
● Hospital = DLSMHSI, St. Luke, PGH etc.
● Man = either male or female
Second Intention
- A concept which expresses a “form”
and a “subject”. It can be perceived by
the senses
Examples: pen, paper, phone, ring computer
Concrete Concept
- A concept which has “form” ONLY.
Form refers to abstract quality,
intangible, cannot be perceived by the
senses
Examples: truth, happiness, peace, justic
Abstract Concept
- Signifies the meaning of complete
substance or concept endowed with its
independent reality. - Definitions and abstract concepts are also
considered absolute concepts
★ It is what it is, a dog is a dog Examples: triangle, oxygen, bacteria
Absolute Concept
- Signifies the object as an accident existing
in a substance - Also called a descriptive concept
Examples: brave soldier, skilled surgeon, kind nurse
Connotative Concept
- Signifies the existence or possession of
something
Examples: alive, rational, happy
Positive Concept
- Signifies the non-existence or
non-possession of something
Examples: dead, irrational, sad
Negative Concept
● the external representation of a concept and the
ultimate structural element of a proposition
● may be oral, written, or printed
● in logic, it is always a sign of a concept or an idea
TERMS
has only one meaning regardless of how or where it is used. It is clear, precise, and does not change meaning
in different contexts
Examples:
● Francis Bacon is a PHILOSOPHER
● Frederich Nietzsche is a PHILOSOPHER
● OXYGEN is essential for human respiration and
survival.
● The patient was given OXYGEN therapy to help
with breathing.
Univocal Terms
● An equivocal term has multiple
unrelated meanings depending on how
it is used. This can lead to confusion if
the context is unclear.
● If exhibit difference in meaning or
signification whenever they are used in
at least two occasions
Examples:
● Her boyfriend gave her a RING.
● The bells RING.
● I deposited my money in the BANK.
● The fishermen set up their nets along the BANK
of the river
Equivocal Terms
- Same spelling, different
pronunciation, different meaning
Examples:
● The tour guide will LEAD us through the
museum.
● The old pipes contain LEAD, which is harmful
to health.
● The new applicant submitted a RESUME.
● The second semester classes RESUME.
Equivocal terms in spelling alone
- Comprehension refers to the internal
characteristics or properties that define a
term. It - is the set of attributes that a concept must
have to fall under a particular term.
Examples:
● The term “bird” has the comprehension: a living
organism with feathers, wings, and the ability to
lay eggs.
● The term “doctor” has the comprehension: a
trained medical professional who diagnoses and
treats illnesses
Comprehension
- Different spelling, same pronunciation, same sound but
different meanings
★ Basically Homophones
Examples:
● She MADE a delicious cake for the party
● The hotel MAID cleaned the rooms every morning.
● The lost hiker had to SEEK help from rescuers.
● He missed school because he was SICK with the flu.
Equivocal terms in sound and spelling
An analogous term has related
meanings that are similar but not Identical. These meanings are connected by analogy or comparison
Examples:
● He injured his FOOT while playing soccer. (Body part)
● The village is located at the FOOT of the mountain. something) (The base or bottom part
of
● She nodded her HEAD in agreement. (Body part)
● The HEAD of the hospital announced new
policies. (Leader or chief position)
Analogous Terms
● Extension refers to the range or scope of a
term, or the actual things (objects or
individuals) that fall under the concept. It
describes what the term refers to in the real
world.
● It is the sum total of the particulars to
which the comprehension of a concept can
be applied
Examples:
● The term “bird” has a broader extension, which
refers to all the different types of birds in the
world—sparrows, eagles, penguins, etc.
● The term “doctor” refers to a wide range of
individuals who are licensed to practice medicine, like general practitioners, surgeons,
pediatricians, etc
Extension
- sum of all actual or POSSIBLE individual
subjects signified by the term.
★ anything imaginable that has existed, exists
right now, or about to come to existence
about the subject
Absolute Extension
- sum of individual subjects presents to the
mind CURRENTLY
Functional Extension
- if it stands for a single definite individual or
group.
★ Basically ONE SPECIFIC individual
The signs of singularity are:
● (1) Proper Noun – e.g. VLADIMHER , LA SALLE, CAVITE
Singular
- a term is particular when it stands for an
indefinite part of an absolute extension
★ Basically SOME, BUT NOT ALL,
members of a group
Particular
- term is universal when it stands for every
subject signified
★ Basically ALL members of a group
Universal
● It is the verbal expression of the meaning of a
word or a term
● Words are defined for the purpose of knowing
their meanings.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
Uses of definition
○ To increase one’s vocabulary
○ To eliminate ambiguity
○ To clarify meaning
○ To explain theoretically
○ To influence attitudes
● It expresses what the name means, not what the
thing is.
(There are 3 Kinds of it): Ostensive, Synonymous And Etymology
NOMINAL DEFINITION
indicates the meaning of a term by showing
or pointing at the object (from the Latin
“ostendere” meaning “to point” or “to show”.
- one may explain the meaning of a “table” by
pointing at it, “waltz” by dancing it, “asterisk”
by drawing it
Ostensive (demonstrative)
- gives the same connotation of the term.
The definition is so exact as to replace
the one with the other in any context
without shift in meaning.
★ Using a term with similar meaning
Examples:
● saccharides – carbohydrates
● snooty – haughty
● mendacious – lying
● reprise – repeat
Synonymous
- gives the origin of the word
- the Greek ἔτυμον (etymon) meaning
“true sense” or “sense of truth” and
λογία (logia) meaning “study of” or
“account,” (etymologia) meaning “study
of origins,”
e.g.
● Hypothermia– (hypo – below; therm– heat)
means low body temperature
● Perambulate– (per – through; ambul– walk)
Means to walk through
Etymology
● Tell us what the thing is, not just what the word
means.
● It digs deeper into the nature of a thing of which we
somehow have a vague knowledge.
(It is subdivided into 2 categories): ESSENTIAL AND NON ESSENTIAL
REAL DEFINITION
