1. It helps us arrive at a sound rational decision through careful evaluation of the pros and cons. Our decisions always affect our lifestyle 2. Logic can be viewed as our defensive tool, a tool that allows us to defend ourselves against the onslaught of powerful persuasive appeals that bombard us in our daily lives.

Logic Flashcards by Tyler White

Using profound rationality by means of reasoning,
sound judgement, innovative imagination, genuine
creativity, etc.

CRITICAL AND CREATIVE THINKING

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“Education, Science and Technology, Arts, Culture
and Sports” … states that: “All educational
institutions shall … encourage critical and
creative thinking…”

1987 PHILIPPINE CONSTITUTION SEC. 3

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● Directed towards attainment of truth
● Elaborates previously known knowledge

THINKING

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● To be filled with curiosity or doubt
● An event inexplicable by the laws of nature; a
miracle
● A feeling of puzzlement or doubt

WONDER

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● Walk or move in a leisurely, casual, or aimless way
● An act or instance of wandering
● Philosophy leads to wandering

WANDER

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● Is the science of all things by their first causes as
known in light of reason

● Comes from two Greek words
○ Philia meaning Love
○ Sophia meaning Wisdom
○ Literally means “Love of Wisdom,” meaning a person who dares and seeks the truth

PHILOSOPHY

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○ The word science comes from the Latin verb
“Scire,” which means to know

● As the Science of all things:
○ It deals with concrete, real, contingent things

● As known in Light of Reason:
○ It seeks the first causes of things as far as they
can be rationally established by the human
mind & aided by Divine Revelation

PHILOSOPHY AS SCIENCE

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● A Greek philosopher who was first to use the term
“Philosophy”

● Noted that there are three types of man
○ Lover of pleasure
○ Lover of success
○ Lover of wisdom (SUPERIOR TYPE)

PYTHAGORAS

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● Study of moral values and principles

ETHICS

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● Knowledge science that explores the nature and
limitations of knowledge

● Investigates how knowledge is obtained and
explores the relationship between belief, truth
and knowledge

EPISTEMOLOGY

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● Explores the fundamental nature of reality and
being

● Existence, Objects, Properties, Space and Time,
Cause and Effect

METAPHYSICS

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● Explores nature and the appreciation of beauty,
art, and taste

● Deals with the principles of beauty and artistic
taste

AESTHETICS

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LOGIC SERVES AS A TOOL TO…

1.) Ensures coherence and avoids contradictions

2.) Differentiates sound arguments from fallacies.

3.) Challenges assumptions and deepens understanding

1.) Structure arguments
2.) Evaluate Reasoning
3.) Promote critical thinking

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● Is the study of correct reasoning. A basic tool that
philosophers use to investigate reality

● From Greek word “logos” meaning study, reason or
discourse

LOGIC

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● Founder of Logic and Father of Science
● Belonged to an aristocratic family
● Founded Lyceum in Athens
● Was a disciple of Plato, and tutored Alexander the
Great

ARISTOTLE

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● Examined & analysed the thinking processes for
the purpose of formulating laws of thought

● A compilation of 6 treatises which included:
○ Categories
○ On interpretation
○ Prior Analytics
○ Posterior Analytics
○ Topics

ORGANON

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LOGIC AND MEDICAL HEALTH CARE SCIENCES

1.) Application in ethical decision-making and problem-solving ethical dilemmas

2.) Diagnostic reasoning and critical thinking

3.) Risk assessment and management

4.) Crisis management

5.) Multidisciplinary Collaboration

6.) Evidence-based Practice

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IMPORTANCE OF LOGIC

It helps us arrive at a sound rational decision
through careful evaluation of the pros and cons.
Our decisions always affect our lifestyle
Logic can be viewed as our defensive tool, a tool
that allows us to defend ourselves against the
onslaught of powerful persuasive appeals that
bombard us in our daily lives.

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It refers to the operations of the mind by which we
grasp the meaning of the term, deny or affirm it and
reason out for our action

○ Simple Apprehension
○ Judgement
○ Reasoning

ACTIVITIES OF THE HUMAN MIND

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● French humanist, logician, and educational
reformer
● He criticized the nature of Aristotelian logic &
introduced the three-fold activities of the mind

PIERRE DE LA RAMEE

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● Taken from the Latin word prehendere which
means to seize

● It is the act of mentally grasping the essence or
nature of an object, event, or concept without
making any judgments or affirmations about it

SIMPLE APPREHENSION

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In healthcare, simple apprehension is
crucial for understanding medical terms,
symptoms, and anatomical structures.

Example: A medical student sees a diagram of the
human heart and mentally forms the concept of “heart”
without concluding anything about its function or health
condition

Formation of Concepts or Ideas

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occurs when the senses incorrectly
perceive an object or phenomenon,
leading to an inaccurate mental image

Example: pale skin = anemia

Misperception (Sensory Errors)

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The human mind gathers information
through the senses (vision, hearing, touch,
smell, taste) or abstract reasoning.

Example: A nurse sees a red, swollen wound and
recognizes the concept of “inflammation” without yet
determining its cause or severity

Operates on Sensory Input or Mental Abstraction

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- occurs when a person applies a concept too broadly, if ALL similar objects share the same characteristics Example: Chest pain = Heart attack

Overgeneralization

- when a concept is too broad or unclear, leading to confusion due to language barriers, poor communication, or lack of precise terminology Example: weak = fatigue, muscle weakness, or dizziness

Ambiguity or Vagueness

- mistaking one object or concept for another due to perceived similarities Example: Herbal Medicine = Prescription Drugs

False Analogy

- The assumption that an entire group or category shares identical characteristics Example: patients with memory problems = Alzheimer's disease

Stereotyping (Cognitive Bias)

● it is the representation of the thing in the mind. The mind creates a duplicate of something that has been conceived by oneself. ● an “idea” that starts from outside reality and apprehended by the senses.

CONCEPT

- is defined as a mental process whereby the mind separates the essential features of the object from non-essential ones.

Abstraction

those that are not substantial, yet they are added to the very essence of the object.

Non-essential features

- means those without which a certain object will cease to manifest

Essential features

- a concept by which we understand what a thing is according to what it is - It is independent of our thinking as it exists out of man’s analytical mind Example: Hospital = a physical place where medical care is provided Man = rational being

First Intention

a concept by which we conceive a thing in reality in so far as the mind knows and understands it. - a concept in which we add to our understanding of the nature or essence of a thing Example: ● Hospital = DLSMHSI, St. Luke, PGH etc. ● Man = either male or female

Second Intention

- A concept which expresses a “form” and a “subject”. It can be perceived by the senses Examples: pen, paper, phone, ring computer

Concrete Concept

- A concept which has “form” ONLY. Form refers to abstract quality, intangible, cannot be perceived by the senses Examples: truth, happiness, peace, justic

Abstract Concept

- Signifies the meaning of complete substance or concept endowed with its independent reality. - Definitions and abstract concepts are also considered absolute concepts ★ It is what it is, a dog is a dog Examples: triangle, oxygen, bacteria

Absolute Concept

- Signifies the object as an accident existing in a substance - Also called a descriptive concept Examples: brave soldier, skilled surgeon, kind nurse

Connotative Concept

- Signifies the existence or possession of something Examples: alive, rational, happy

Positive Concept

- Signifies the non-existence or non-possession of something Examples: dead, irrational, sad

Negative Concept

● the external representation of a concept and the ultimate structural element of a proposition ● may be oral, written, or printed ● in logic, it is always a sign of a concept or an idea

TERMS

has only one meaning regardless of how or where it is used. It is clear, precise, and does not change meaning in different contexts Examples: ● Francis Bacon is a PHILOSOPHER ● Frederich Nietzsche is a PHILOSOPHER ● OXYGEN is essential for human respiration and survival. ● The patient was given OXYGEN therapy to help with breathing.

Univocal Terms

● An equivocal term has multiple unrelated meanings depending on how it is used. This can lead to confusion if the context is unclear. ● If exhibit difference in meaning or signification whenever they are used in at least two occasions Examples: ● Her boyfriend gave her a RING. ● The bells RING. ● I deposited my money in the BANK. ● The fishermen set up their nets along the BANK of the river

Equivocal Terms

- Same spelling, different pronunciation, different meaning Examples: ● The tour guide will LEAD us through the museum. ● The old pipes contain LEAD, which is harmful to health. ● The new applicant submitted a RESUME. ● The second semester classes RESUME.

Equivocal terms in spelling alone

- Comprehension refers to the internal characteristics or properties that define a term. It - is the set of attributes that a concept must have to fall under a particular term. Examples: ● The term "bird" has the comprehension: a living organism with feathers, wings, and the ability to lay eggs. ● The term "doctor" has the comprehension: a trained medical professional who diagnoses and treats illnesses

Comprehension

- Different spelling, same pronunciation, same sound but different meanings ★ Basically Homophones Examples: ● She MADE a delicious cake for the party ● The hotel MAID cleaned the rooms every morning. ● The lost hiker had to SEEK help from rescuers. ● He missed school because he was SICK with the flu.

Equivocal terms in sound and spelling

An analogous term has related meanings that are similar but not Identical. These meanings are connected by analogy or comparison Examples: ● He injured his FOOT while playing soccer. (Body part) ● The village is located at the FOOT of the mountain. something) (The base or bottom part of ● She nodded her HEAD in agreement. (Body part) ● The HEAD of the hospital announced new policies. (Leader or chief position)

Analogous Terms

● Extension refers to the range or scope of a term, or the actual things (objects or individuals) that fall under the concept. It describes what the term refers to in the real world. ● It is the sum total of the particulars to which the comprehension of a concept can be applied Examples: ● The term "bird" has a broader extension, which refers to all the different types of birds in the world—sparrows, eagles, penguins, etc. ● The term "doctor" refers to a wide range of individuals who are licensed to practice medicine, like general practitioners, surgeons, pediatricians, etc

Extension

- sum of all actual or POSSIBLE individual subjects signified by the term. ★ anything imaginable that has existed, exists right now, or about to come to existence about the subject

Absolute Extension

- sum of individual subjects presents to the mind CURRENTLY

Functional Extension

- if it stands for a single definite individual or group. ★ Basically ONE SPECIFIC individual The signs of singularity are: ● (1) Proper Noun – e.g. VLADIMHER , LA SALLE, CAVITE

Singular

- a term is particular when it stands for an indefinite part of an absolute extension ★ Basically SOME, BUT NOT ALL, members of a group

Particular

- term is universal when it stands for every subject signified ★ Basically ALL members of a group

Universal

● It is the verbal expression of the meaning of a word or a term ● Words are defined for the purpose of knowing their meanings.

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Uses of definition

○ To increase one’s vocabulary ○ To eliminate ambiguity ○ To clarify meaning ○ To explain theoretically ○ To influence attitudes

● It expresses what the name means, not what the thing is. (There are 3 Kinds of it): Ostensive, Synonymous And Etymology

NOMINAL DEFINITION

indicates the meaning of a term by showing or pointing at the object (from the Latin “ostendere” meaning “to point” or “to show”. - one may explain the meaning of a “table” by pointing at it, “waltz” by dancing it, “asterisk” by drawing it

Ostensive (demonstrative)

- gives the same connotation of the term. The definition is so exact as to replace the one with the other in any context without shift in meaning. ★ Using a term with similar meaning Examples: ● saccharides – carbohydrates ● snooty – haughty ● mendacious – lying ● reprise – repeat

Synonymous

- gives the origin of the word - the Greek ἔτυμον (etymon) meaning "true sense" or "sense of truth" and λογία (logia) meaning "study of" or "account," (etymologia) meaning "study of origins," e.g. ● Hypothermia– (hypo – below; therm– heat) means low body temperature ● Perambulate– (per – through; ambul– walk) Means to walk through

Etymology

● Tell us what the thing is, not just what the word means. ● It digs deeper into the nature of a thing of which we somehow have a vague knowledge. (It is subdivided into 2 categories): ESSENTIAL AND NON ESSENTIAL

REAL DEFINITION