High-risk client Flashcards
WOMEN WITH PREEXISTING OR NEWLY ACQUIRED ILLNESS
1.) The increased strain on the heart and circulatory system.
2.) Diabetes in pregnancy can lead to complications like high birth weight, premature delivery, or birth defects.
3.) Pregnant women who abuse substances may face higher risks for preterm birth, low birth weight, and
developmental delays in the child.
4.) This occurs when the
mother’s blood type is Rh-negative and the
baby’s blood type is Rh-positive, potentially
leading to serious complications for the baby.
5.) Anemia: Low red blood cell count in pregnancy
can increase the risk of preterm delivery and low
birth weight.
1.) Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)
2.) Diabetes Mellitus (DM)
3.) Substance Abuse
4.) RH Incompatibility
5.) Anemia
WOMEN WHO DEVELOP COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY
1.) A condition where the
placenta covers or is too close to the cervix,
leading to bleeding and potential complications
during delivery.
2.) A life-threatening condition
involving hemolysis, elevated liver enzymes, and
low platelet count, often associated with severe
preeclampsia.
3.) The premature separation
of the placenta from the uterus, which can
cause heavy bleeding and threaten both mother
and baby.
1.) Placenta Previa
2.) HELLP Syndrome
3.) Abruptio Placenta
WOMEN WHO DEVELOP COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY
1.) Severe nausea and vomiting during pregnancy that can lead to dehydration and weight loss.
2.) The breaking of the amniotic sac before labor begins, increasing the risk of infection and preterm birth.
3.) Pregnancy: A pregnancy that occurs outside the uterus, usually in a fallopian tube, which can be life-threatening if not treated.
4.) 4. Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH): High
blood pressure during pregnancy that can lead
to complications like preeclampsia and early
delivery.
5.) A rare pregnancy
complication where abnormal tissue grows
inside the uterus instead of a fetus.
1.) Hyperemesis Gravidarum
2.) PROM (Premature Rupture of Membranes)
3.) Ectopic Pregnancy
4.) Pregnancy Induced Hypertension (PIH)
5.) Hydatidiform Mole
WOMEN WHO DEVELOP COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY
1.) Pregnancy involving
more than one fetus (twins, triplets, etc.), which
increases the risk of preterm labor and other
complications.
2.) The early
opening of the cervix, which can lead to preterm
birth.
3.) (DIC): A severe clotting disorder that can cause
excessive bleeding during pregnancy or after
childbirth.
4.) A pregnancy loss occurring before
the fetus can survive outside the womb, either
spontaneously or through medical intervention.
5.) A condition where the immune system produces
antibodies that increase the risk of blood clots,
miscarriage, and pregnancy complications.
1.) Multiple Pregnancies
2.) Premature Cervical Dilatation:
3.) Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation (DIC)
4.) Abortion
5.)Antiphospholipid Antibody Syndrome (APAS)
used to evaluate fetal heart
rate (FHR).
● Two devices are strapped to the abdomen: one
to monitor FHR and the other to track uterine
contractions, allowing for the assessment of
fetal well-being.
NONSTRESS TEST
NONSTRESS TEST INTERPRETATION
1.) 2 accelerations of FHR
(by 15 beats or more)
lasting for 15 seconds
occur after movement
within the chosen time
period.
2.) No accelerations occur
with the fetal
movements.
No fetal movements
occur or if there is low
short-term fetal heart
rate variability (less than
6 bpm) throughout the
testing period.
1.) Reactive
2.) Non reactive
Producing a sharp sound of approximately 80
decibels at a frequency of 80 Hz, startling and
waking the fetus.
● Done in conjunction with a nonstress test.
VIBROACOUSTIC STIMULATION
CONTRACTION STRESS TESTING INTERPRETATION
1.) No fetal heart rate
decelerations are
present with
contractions.
2.) 50% or more of
contractions cause a
late deceleration.
1.) Negative (Normal)
2.) Positive (Abnormal)
● External fetal heart monitor is applied and
obtains baseline Fetal Heart Rate.
● May be done if Nonstress Test results are
nonreassuring.
CONTRACTION STRESS TESTING
What is measured in Nonstress tests and Contraction stress test?
Nonstress Test:
Response of FHR in relation to fetal movement.
Contraction Stress Test:
Response of FHR in relation to uterine contractions as the nipples are stimulated.
Safety Findings in Nonstress tests and Contraction stress test?
Nonstress Test:
Two or more
accelerations
of fetal heart
rate of 15 bpm
lasting 15 secs
Contraction Stress Test:
No late decelerations with contractions
● Measures the response of sound waves against
solid objects.
● Used to:
○ Diagnose pregnancy
○ Confirm the presence, size, and location
of the placenta and amount of amniotic fluid
ULTRASONOGRAPHY
It measures the head’s diameter from one side
to the other, across the parietal bones. This
measurement is primarily used to estimate fetal
age and monitor growth, particularly during the
second and third trimesters.
BIPARIETAL DIAMETER
Refers to the process of assessing the maturity
of the placenta during pregnancy, typically
through ultrasound.
PLACENTAL GRADING
● Measures the velocity at which RBC in the
uterine & fetal blood vessels travel
DOPPLER UMBILICAL VELOCIMETRY
● Fetal ECGs may be recorded as early as the
11th week of pregnancy (inaccurate before 20
weeks)
● Rarely used unless a specific heart anomaly is
suspected.
ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHY
● Has the potential to replace or complement
ultrasonography as a fetal assessment
technique.
● Most helpful in diagnosing complications such
as ectopic pregnancy or trophoblastic disease.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
known as one of the three main
estrogens, along with estrone and estradiol. It
supports pregnancy by aiding in uterine growth
and other pregnancy-related changes.
Estriol
a
hormone produced during pregnancy by the
placenta. It is a key marker used in pregnancy
tests, as its levels rise significantly after
implantation of the fertilized egg.
Beta-human chorionic gonadotropin
a protein produced by the
liver and yolk sac of a developing fetus. It is
found in the mother’s blood during pregnancy
and is typically measured to assess the risk of
certain birth defects.
Alpha-fetoprotein
a hormone produced by the ovaries
and placenta that helps regulate hormone
production. It is used in screening for
chromosomal abnormalities like Down
syndrome and in fertility assessments.
Inhibin A
A thin tube (catheter) is inserted through the
cervix into the placenta to obtain a sample of
chorionic villi.
TRANSCERVICAL
This method may be preferred if there are issues
with the cervix (e.g., closed cervix or
abnormalities). It’s often used for women who
have had previous cervical surgery.
TRANSABDOMINAL
● is a prenatal diagnostic test that involves
extracting a small sample of amniotic fluid from
the sac surrounding the fetus.
AMNIOCENTESIS
● Also known as cordocentesis or funicentesis.
● It involves collecting a blood sample from the
fetal umbilical cord to test for genetic
conditions, infections, blood disorders, and fetal
anemia.
PERCUTANEOUS UMBILICAL BLOOD SAMPLING (PUBS)
● Visual inspection of the amniotic fluid.
● Used to detect meconium staining.
AMNIOSCOPY
● Fetus is visualized through fetoscope
● The procedure is used to:
○ Confirm the intactness of the spinal
column
○ Obtain biopsy samples of fetal tissue
and fetal blood samples
FETOSCOPY
