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Science For Medicine JK > Lipids 1-3 > Flashcards

Lipids 1-3 Flashcards

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1
Q

Lipids

A

Insoluble in water

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2
Q

Functions of lipids

A

Signalling molecules
Fat soluble vitamins eg A D E K
Activity of enzymes
Structural element of membranes

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3
Q

Classes of lipids

A

TAG, fatty acids, phospholipids, glycolipid and steroids

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4
Q

Fatty acid

A

Hydrophobic carbon and carboxyl

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5
Q

In vivo are double bonds usually cis or trans?

A

Cis

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6
Q

What is the terminal from methyl called?

A

Omega carbon

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7
Q

4 types of fatty acid

A
  • good
  • essential
  • bad
  • really bad
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8
Q

Good fat

A

Polyunsaturated fatty acid eg vegetable oil

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9
Q

Essential fatty acid

A

Lineolic and lineolic acid - humans cannot introduce double bonds past carbon 9
Aracidonic acid from lineolic acid needed for echosanoids

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10
Q

Bad fat

A

Saturated fat eg beef

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11
Q

Really bad fat

A

Trans fatty acids - hydrogenation of vegetable oil

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12
Q

TAG

A

3 fatty acid, glycerol

fuel and insulation

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13
Q

Phospholipids

A

fatty acid, phosphate and glycerol

amphipathic

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14
Q

What is the main dietary lipid?

A

TAG

Also fatty acids, cholesterol, cholesterol esters and phospholipids

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15
Q

Where is the main site of digestion?

A

Small intestine

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16
Q

What is TAG degraded by?

A

Pancreatic lipase to monoacylglycerol and 2 fatty acids

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17
Q

Cholesterol ester ==>

A

Cholesterol and fatty acid

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18
Q

Phospholipid =>

A

Fatty acid and lysophospholipid

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19
Q

What do the products form?

A

Mixed micelles by emulsification with bile salts (derived from cholesterol) and peristalsis

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20
Q

What happens to the micelle

A

Approaches brush border of intestine and release products which are resynthesized for export

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21
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Gall bladder removed so no bladder leading to excess fat in faeces - CF

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22
Q

Insoluble fatty acids repackaged into?

A

Chylomicrons for transport in the blood

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23
Q

What is TAG in chylomicrons broken down to?

A

Glycerol and fatty acids

24
Q

What are the fatty acids not used by?

A

The brain

25
Q

What happens to chylomicron without TAG

A

Go to the liver

26
Q

What is fat in adipose tissue broken down to and by what?

A

fatty acids using hormone sensitive lipase

27
Q

What is HSL activated and inactivated by?

A 
Activated = phosphorylation in response to epinephrine
inactivated = high blood glucose
28
Q

How are fatty acids travelled in blood

A

Complex with albumin

Lipoproteins

29
Q

4 classes of lipoprotein

A
  • Huge chylomicron in liver
  • VLDL
  • LDL
  • HDL
30
Q

Where does beta oxidation occur?

A

Matrix of mitochondria

31
Q

What does beta oxidation do and what are the products

A

Degrade fatty acids 2 carbons at a time

Acetyl coA, NADH and FADH2

32
Q

Activation

A

Fatty acid activated in cytosol to fatty acyl coA

33
Q

Transport

A

Cartinine shuttle as coA swapped as too big

Malonyl coA inhibits

34
Q

Degradation

A
  • Dehydrogenation FAD=>FADH2 double bond 2ATP
  • Hydration
  • dehydrogenation NAD=>NADH 3ATP
  • thiolysis - acetyl coA 12ATP
35
Q

Where do long chain fatty acids undergo preliminary oxidation?

A

Peroxisomes

36
Q

Are fatty acids gluconeogenic?

A

No

37
Q

What does excess acetyl coA produce?

A

Ketone bodies

38
Q

When are ketone bodies used?

A

In starvation - cardiac, skeletal muscle and brain

Acetone - sweet smelling breath

39
Q

Where are ketone bodies made?

A

Liver

40
Q

What are fatty acids made from?

A

Acetyl coA

41
Q

What are the fates of acetyl coA

A
  • citric acid cycle
  • steroids and cholesterol
  • ketone bodies
42
Q

Where does fatty acid synthesis occur?

A

Liver, lactating mammary glands and adipose tissue

CYTOSOL

43
Q

What does fatty acid synthesis use?

A

ATP and NADPH

44
Q

Shuttle

A

Citrate shuttle - acetyl coA in mitochondria so needs shuttled into cytosol
Occurs when citrate concentration is high

45
Q

Product of fatty acid synthesis

A

Palmatic acid

46
Q

Enzymes in fatty acid synthesis

A

Acetyl coA carboxylase

Fatty acid synthase

47
Q

What is needed for malonyl coA synthesis?

A

Acetyl coA carboxylase - activated by citrate +insulin and inhibited by palmitoyl coA, Glucagon+epinephrine

48
Q

What is used for cleaving?

A

Thioesterase

49
Q

Name the steps

A 
Elongation
Reduction
Dehydration
Reduction
Cleavage
50
Q

Carrier protein in synthesis?

A

ACP

51
Q

Steroid

A

Chemical substances synthesised by cholesterol

52
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Derived from unsaturated fatty acids - omega 3/6

precursor to prostaglandins, leukotrienes and thromboxanes

53
Q

Cholesterol fates

A

Steroids
vitamin D
Bile salts in liver

54
Q

Prostaglandins

A

Uterine contraction

Pain and fever

55
Q

Thromboxanes

A

Blood clotting

56
Q

Leukotrienes

A

Prevent asthma by inhibition

Science For Medicine JK (25 decks)

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