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Science For Medicine JK > Homeostasis 1&2 > Flashcards

Homeostasis 1&2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

Property of a system in which a variable is actively regulated to remain very nearly constant

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2
Q

Tissues

A

Group of cells sharing same characteristics or specialisations

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3
Q

Organs

A

Collections of tissues, usually several types, synchronised to perform a function

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4
Q

Literal meaning of homeostasis

A

Homeo = similar stasis = condition

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5
Q

The 2 systems which co-ordinate and control all of the systems

A

Nervous and endocrine

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6
Q

Physiology

A

Study of how the body works normally - optimum conditions with body constantly monitoring internal state and responding to disruption

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7
Q

3 Common challenges to internal environment

A

Diet, exercise and temperature

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8
Q

These 3 factors of challenges to internal environment impact on what 3 things

A
  • Bodily fluid composition
  • Energy stores
  • Body temperature
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9
Q

At extremes does homeostasis become more or less effective?

A

Less

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10
Q

Describe the mechanism of negative feedback control

A
  • Magnitude of change in monitored variable
  • Sensed by receptor
  • Compared to reference level in integrating centre
  • Signal to effector to generate response
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11
Q

Is the magnitude of generated signal and response smaller than, proportional to or greater than the magnitude of difference from normal?

A

Proportional to

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12
Q

Can negative feedback prevent the change

A

No can only correct after the system has been displaced

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13
Q

Negative feedback: self amplifying or self limiting?

A

Self limiting

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14
Q

Homeotherm

A

Maintain constant core temperature over a wide range of external temperatures

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15
Q

Feed forward have what additional feature?

A

Additional receptors to detect and anticipate change earlier eg temperature receptors in skin

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16
Q

Positive feedback: self amplifying or self limiting?

A

Self amplifying

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17
Q

Is positive feedback common in normal health or pathology?

A

Pathology eg diabetes mellitus and cancer

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18
Q

Give 2 examples of positive feedback in normal health

A

Nerve action potential and ovulation and sexual behaviour

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19
Q

Hyperglycaemia

A

Associated with diabetes and includes neural dysfunction, blindness, kidney damage and electrolyte disturbances

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20
Q

Homeostatic mechanisms represented by reflexes - name the 2 types these reflexes can be

A

Neural and/or hormonal

Simple or complex

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21
Q

Give 4 examples that homeostasis can control

A
  • O2 and CO2 levels
  • Water and ion balance
  • Blood pressure and blood volume
  • Nutrient levels
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22
Q

How much in percentage does water make up of the human body?

A

About 60%

23
Q

Describe how the output and input mechanism is controlled in humans

A 
Input = thirst mechanism
output = urinary losses
24
Q

Extra cellular fluid includes

A

Plasma and interstitial fluid

25
Q

ECF found in special areas eg CSF and joint fluid

A

Transcellular fluid

26
Q

Is the ICF or ECF very important to be maintained in a state compatible with survival?

A

ECF

27
Q

Average Man

A

21 years old, healthy, 70Kg

28
Q

Difference between plasma and ISF

A

Plasma proteins in plasma

29
Q

What is the volume of plasma

A

3L

30
Q

What is the volume of ISF

A

11L

31
Q

What is the total volume of ECF

A

14L

32
Q

Intracellular fluid = volume and what is it high in K+ or Na+

A

28L and high in potassium and also magnesium

33
Q

When you administer a drug that freely crosses cell membranes (non polar) what is the compartment distribution?

A

1/3 ECF 2/3 ICF

34
Q

Proportion of water in body varies with

A

Age, sex and BMI

35
Q

Water content of muscle

A

70%

36
Q

Water content of fat

A

10%

37
Q

Higher BMI = more/less wet?

A

Less wet

38
Q

Will lipid/water soluble drugs be excreted faster or slower in people with a higher BMI and why

A

Slower as the drugs will easier dissolve in fat

39
Q

Describe the trend in males and females with age and body water content

A

From puberty onwards women show a lower body water content but both sexes decrease with age due to a loss of muscle mass

40
Q

Dilution principle equation

A

volume = amount of tracer ( amount injected minus any excreted or metabolised)/ concentration of tracer in sample

41
Q

Criteria for test substance/tracer

A
  • Non toxic
  • Not metabolised or excreted
  • Even distribution in compartment measured
  • No effect on water distribution
  • Easy to measure
42
Q

What 3 compartments can be measured directly?

A

Plasma, ECF and TBW

43
Q

Plasma volume measurement

A

Use dyes/radioactive labels to attach to the proteins eg evans blue or I125 albumin

44
Q

ECF volume

A

Inulin, sucrose, mannitol or Na/Cl ions

45
Q

TBW volume

A

Radioactive water = D2O

46
Q

ISF volume

A

ECF-PV

47
Q

ICF volume

A

TBW-ECF

48
Q

perturbation

A

deviation of system from normal

49
Q

Do you want potassium in or out of cells?

A

In

50
Q

Hyper

A

Greater than normal

51
Q

Hypo

A

Less than normal

52
Q

Aemia/emia

A

Relating to blood

53
Q

Uria

A

In the urine

54
Q

Glyc

A

Relating to glucose

Science For Medicine JK (25 decks)

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