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Science For Medicine JK > Life at cellular Level 1-4 > Flashcards

Life at cellular Level 1-4 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Why are cells so small?

A

SA:Volume ratio to allow easy absorption and secretion

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2
Q

Prokaryote

A

0.1-10 micrometres

Bacteria with no membrane bound structures or nuclear membrane

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3
Q

Eukaryote

A

10-100 micrometres

Human cells

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4
Q

Pluripotent

A

Capable of becoming all cell types in the body

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5
Q

Multipotent

A

Cells that can differentiate into many cell types

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6
Q

Cell differentiation

A

Cells pass through series of changes during development with changes in gene expression

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7
Q

Cell fusion

A

Cells in muscle divide as single cells then fuse together to form super cells which is a normal process for some cell types

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8
Q

Teratoma

A

Tumour with tissue or organ components representing normal derivatives of one or more germ layer eg hair, teeth, bone and is a stem cell derived cancer formation

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9
Q

Cancer cell

A

Divide without any control and fails to co-ordinate with normal cells or to differentiate

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10
Q

Apoptosis

A

Programmed cell death

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11
Q

Necrosis

A

Cell death due to disease

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12
Q

Amphipathic

A

Hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

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13
Q

Transport proteins

A 
passive = concentration gradient and small uncharged molecules pass freely
Facilitated = non specific (pore) or non specific (channel) transporter
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14
Q

Endocytosis - 2 parts

A

Phagocytosis - WBC engulfs and triggers phagosome formation

Pinocytosis - Constant removal of cell membrane by nervous system

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15
Q

Exocytosis

A

Protein produced by rough ER => Golgi apparatus for post transational modification then bud off in a vesicle eg beta cells produce insulin

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16
Q

Cell adhesion

A

Proteins allow cells to stick together to form tissue

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17
Q

Occluding/tight junction

A

Seals gap between epithelial cells and is a physical barrier preventing flow
Responsible for the blood brain barrier

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18
Q

Cell to cell anchoring

A

Link to cytoskeleton and includes adherens junction and desmosome

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19
Q

Adherens junction

A

Links actin filaments in 2 different cells

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20
Q

Desmosomes

A

Link keratin (intermediate) filaments in 2 different cells and keratin is not as ordered

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21
Q

Gap junction

A

Allows passage of small ions from cell to cell for collective communication

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22
Q

Connexins

A

6 subunit membrane spanning proteins allowing “1” cytoplasm

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23
Q

Cell matrix anchoring junctions

A

Stops epithelial cells ripping away and get actin linked cell matrix adhesion and hemidesmosomes

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24
Q

Paracrine

A

Signals to cells in local area

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25
Q

Endocrine

A

Signals to cells in multiple tissues and has multiple effects as will travel in the bloodstream

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26
Q

Fast response (proteins)

A

Proteins altered and changed

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27
Q

Slow response (proteins)

A

Genes activated on/off and changes the protein synthesis

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28
Q

What protein is found in the outer membrane of the mitochondria?

A

Porin protein

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29
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA (including euchromatin which is not as dense and the genes are active and also heterochromatin which is densely wrapped), nucleoprotein which is DNA wrapped around protein and RNA

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30
Q

Nucleoli

A

Site of rRNA and ribosomal assembly

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31
Q

Smooth ER

A

Breakdown compounds including drugs and glycogen and synthesises lipids

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32
Q

Lysosomes

A

Separate enzymes with digestive bacteria in vesicles to protect the rest of the cell and can be used in autophagy (recycle cellular components) or digestion of engulfed particles like bacteria

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33
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

Supports and maintains the shape of the cell and also anchors and moves organelles

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34
Q

Cytoplasmic screening

A

Directed flow of cytosol and organelles

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35
Q

Microfilaments

A
  • Actin = dynamic and directionality

- Collagen = subunits of protein added together

36
Q

Intermediate filaments

A

Hold pieces of cell in right place

37
Q

Microtubules

A

Associated with nucleus for mitosis

38
Q

What 2 structures are made from microtubules

A

Cilia ( short and many with a stiff stroke) and also flagella where there are 1 or 2

39
Q

3 similarities seen at basic level

A
  • elemental level
  • molecular level
  • Reactions that occur
40
Q

10 structural elements

A

C,O,N,H,K,P,Na,S,Cl, Ca

41
Q

12 trace elements include

A

Zn, Fe,Mg etc are metal ions that form integral parts of protein structure

42
Q

Lightest atoms form the ________ bond

A

Strongest

43
Q

Configuration

A

The fixed arrangement of atoms in a molecule eg cis or trans changed only by making or breaking bonds

44
Q

All proteins are made from L or D amino acids?

A

L

45
Q

Chiral centre

A

Assymetric carbon with 4 different functional groups with the 2 forms laevo or dextro

46
Q

Conformation

A

Precise arrangement of atoms in a molecule eg amino acids and bond rotation

47
Q

5 reactions of life

A
  • Redox
  • making and breaking C-C bonds
  • internal rearrangements
  • Group transfers
  • condensation and hydrolysis
48
Q

Biological redox

A

2 electrons and 2 protons gained/lost

2 H+ one molecule to another in dehydrogenation reactions eg. recycling of NAD

49
Q

Making/breaking C-C

A

cleavage of glucose in glycolysis

50
Q

Internal arrangements

A

Trace elements eg Mg needed for glucose =>fructose

51
Q

Group transfer

A

High energy phosphate fructose-6-phosphate => fructose-1.6- biphosphate

52
Q

Condensation and hydrolysis

A

polysaccharide monomers joined to give sugars by condensation

53
Q

Bonds used to link one carbohydrate group to another

A

Glycosidic bonds

54
Q

Proteosomes

A

Protein complexes which degrade unneeded or damaged proteins by proteolysis

55
Q

Nucleic acids

A

Polymers of nucleotides joined by 3’,5’ - phosphodiester bonds

56
Q

Pyrimidines

A

3 H2 bonds, flat, single ring - C U T

57
Q

Planar

A

2 H2 bonds, flat, double ring - A G

58
Q

ZDV/AZT

A

Similar to thymine nucleotide and prevents integration of HIV

59
Q

Starch and glycogen are polymers of ___ glucose

A

D - linear form has aldehyde group which can be oxidised

60
Q

Is glucose a reducing sugar?

A

Yes

61
Q

Cyclic form of glycogen and starch means

A

Only end monomer remains linear to allow for a reducing end

62
Q

Energy

A

Heat, light, mechanical, electrical

63
Q

Energy change law 1

A

Energy can be converted from one form to another but the total energy of the universe remains the same

64
Q

Entropy

A

Randomness/chaos in a closed system

65
Q

As useable energy decreases and unusable energy increases entropy increases or decreases?

A

Increases

66
Q

Enthalpy

A

Heat released to surroundings reflecting number/kinds of bonds broken/formed

67
Q

Spontaneous reaction

A

Once it starts comes to an end and finishes

68
Q

Energy coupling

A

Carry out thermodynamically unfavourable reaction by coupling to a catabolic reaction which will drive the anabolic reaction

69
Q

Metabolism

A

Chemical process in a living organism by which food is used for tissue growth or energy production

70
Q

Exergonic

A

Catabolism which releases energy delta G is +ve

71
Q

Endergonic

A

Anabolism which uses energy delta G is -ve

72
Q

Electron motive force

A

Electrons accomplish work as they pass through chemical intermediates and drive a particular protein to spin around

73
Q

Water main functions

A
  • Bathes our cells
  • Dissipates heat
  • Dissolves and transports compounds
  • Involved in reactions
74
Q

Molecules that form hydrogen bonds dissolve in water

A

water-water and solute-solute replaced with energetically favourable water-solute hydrogen bonds

75
Q

Transport of oxygen

A

Haemoglobin transports oxygen and protein dissolves in water

76
Q

Transport of carbon dioxide

A

Transported as bicarbonate due to polarity

77
Q

Charged molecules dissolve

A

Water forms screens around the ion

78
Q

Ionic product of water

A

Kw = [H+]{OH-] = 1x10^(-14) moll^(-2)

79
Q

pH

A

pH +pOH = 14 and -log[H+]

80
Q

Buffers

A

Solution of weak acid ( eg glycine) and salt

81
Q

An acid is a proton

A

donor

82
Q

A base is a proton

A

Acceptor

83
Q

Henderson - Hasselbach equation

A

pH = pKa = log [A-]/[HA]

84
Q

Phosphate buffer

A

H2PO4 - <=> H+ + HPO42-

In cells

85
Q

Bicarbonate buffer

A

H2CO3 <=> H+ + HCO3-

In blood pH = 7.4

Science For Medicine JK (25 decks)

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