Carbohydrates 1

Question 1

What are the functions of carbohydrates?

Answer 1

Highly oxidisable - H
Stores potential energy eg starch/glycogen
Cell-cell communication eg blood group/immunology
Structure and protection

Question 2

3 Monosaccharides

Answer 2

Glucose
Galactose
fructose

Question 3

Name some properties of monosaccharides

Answer 3

6 carbon monomers

Common dietary carbohydrates

Question 4

What are disaccharides?

Answer 4

Monomers linked by glycosidic bonds

Question 5

How does a glycosidic bond form?

Answer 5

OH of one reacts with ANOMERIC carbon

Question 6

What is an anomeric carbon?

Answer 6

Only residue that can be oxidised - carbon 1

Stabilises structure and is reducing end

Question 7

Maltose

Answer 7

Break down product of starch

Question 8

Lactose

Answer 8

Main sugar in milk

Question 9

Sucrose

Answer 9

25% dietary protein and common sugar found in plants

Question 10

Which disaccharide is not a reducing sugar?

Answer 10

Sucrose

Question 11

How are Polysaccharides distinguished

Answer 11

• length of chain
• type of bonds
• branching
• reoccurring monosaccharide units

Question 12

Homopolysaccharide

Answer 12

Single monomer species

Question 13

Heteropolysaccharide

Answer 13

2 or more monomeric species

Question 14

Name the 2 types of glucose monomer

Answer 14

Amylose and amylopectin

Question 15

Name some differences between amylose and amylopectin

Answer 15

75-80% is amylopectin

Amylopectin is branched with alpha 1-6

Question 16

What is glycogen

Answer 16

Polymer of glucose alpha 1-4
alpha 1-6 branch every 8-12 residues
90% in liver and skeletal muscle

Question 17

What does glycogenin do?

Answer 17

In the middle of structure

Enzyme converts glucose ==> glycogen 1

Question 18

Why store glucose in polymers?

Answer 18

Compactness

Non reducing ends of amylose/amylopectin speeds up synthesis and degradation

Question 19

Glycosaminoglycans

Answer 19

Mucous and synovial fluid around joints

Repeating hexuranic acid and amino sugar

Question 20

Proteoglycans

Answer 20

GAGs and protein
Macromolecule found in ECM and surface of cells
Make part of connective tissue

Question 21

Mucopolysaccharides

Answer 21

Genetic disorder => absent enzymes that breakdown GAGs so build up and cause dementia and blood problems