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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lessons 10 - 11 > Flashcards

Lessons 10 - 11 Flashcards

1
Q

joint (articulation)

A

any point where two bones meet, whether or not the bones are moveable at the interface

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2
Q

arthrology

A

science of joint structure, function, and dysfunction

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3
Q

what does joint structure determine? (2)

A

direction and distance of movement

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4
Q

ROM

A

range of movement

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5
Q

kinesiology

A

the study of musculoskeletal movement

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6
Q

how are joint names typically named?

A

after the bones involved

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7
Q

how are joints classified?

A

according to the manner in which the bones are bound together, ex. bony, fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

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8
Q

functional classifications of joints: synarthrosis

A

immovable

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9
Q

functional classifications of joints: amphiarthrosis

A

slightly moveable

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10
Q

functional classifications of joints: diarthrosis

A

freely moving

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11
Q

bony, synostosis joint

A

an immobile joint formed when the gap between two bones ossifies, the bones ‘become one’

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12
Q

where can bony/synostosis joints occur?

A

in either fibrous or cartilaginous joints

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13
Q

fibrous, synarthrosis joints

A

adjacent bones are bound by collagen fibers that emerge from one bone and penetrate into the other

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14
Q

three types of fibrous joints

A
  1. sutures
  2. gomphoses
  3. syndemoses
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15
Q

fibrous joints: sutures

A

immobile, or slightly mobile fibrous joints in which short collagen fibers bind bones of the skull together

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16
Q

serrate suture

A

interlocking, wavy lines
- coronal, sagittal and lambdoid sutures

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17
Q

lap (squamous) suture

A

overlapping beveled edges
- temporal and parietal bones

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18
Q

plane (butt) suture

A

straight, non-overlapping edges
- palatine processes of the maxillae

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19
Q

fibrous joints: gomphosis

A

attachment of a tooth to its socket, held in place by fibrous periodontal ligament; slightly moveable

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20
Q

fibrous joints: syndesmoses

A

a fibrous joint at which two bones are bound by long collagen fibers, very mobile

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21
Q

cartilaginous joint/amphiarthrosis

A

two bones are linked by cartilage

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22
Q

two types of cartilaginous joints

A
  1. synchondroses
  2. symphyses
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23
Q

cartilaginous joints: synchondrosis

A

bones joined by hyaline cartilage, ex. epiphyseal plate

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24
Q

cartilaginous joints: symphysis

A

two bones joined by fibrocartilage, ex. interpubic disc, intervertebral discs

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25
Q

synovial joint/diarthrosis

A

joint in which two bones are separated by a joint cavity
- freely mobile, structurally complex

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26
Q

The more ROM, the _____ the joints. The less ROM, the _____ the joint.

A

weaker, stronger

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27
Q

What is the most structurally complex joint?

A

synovial joints

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28
Q

what type of joint is most likely to develop painful dysfunction?

A

synovial joints

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29
Q

articular cartilage

A

layer of hyaline cartilage, usually 2-3mm thick; covering the facing surfaces of two bones

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30
Q

joint (articular) cavity

A

separates articular surfaces

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31
Q

synovial fluid

A

slippery lubricant in joint cavities

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32
Q

what gives synovial fluid its texture?

A

albumin and hyaluronic acid

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33
Q

two functions of synovial fluid (besides friction free movement)

A

nourishes articular cartilage and removes waste

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34
Q

joint (articular) capsule

A

connective tissue that encloses the cavity and retains the fluid

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35
Q

the _____ _____ _____ of a joint is continuous with the periosteum of adjoining bones

A

outer fibrous capsule

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36
Q

the _____ _____ of joints is composed mainly of fibroblast-like cells that secrete _____ _____ and macrophages that remove debris from the joint cavity

A

synovial membrane, synovial fluid

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37
Q

joint capsules and ligaments are well supplied with _____ _____ and other sensory receptors

A

lamellar corpuscles

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38
Q

proprioception

A

enable brain to monitor limb movements

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39
Q

in a few synovial joints, _____ grows inward from the joint capsule to form a pad between articulating bones

A

fibrocartilage

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40
Q

articular disc

A

pad crosses the entire joint capsule

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41
Q

meniscus

A

crescent-moon pad,does not cross joint entirely

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42
Q

tendon

A

collagenous tissue strip, attaches muscles to bone

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43
Q

ligament

A

collagenous tissue strip, attaches bone to bone

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44
Q

bursa

A

fibrous sac filled with synovial fluid, located between muscles, where tendons pass over bones, or between bone and skin

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45
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation bursa, causing pain

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46
Q

synovial sheath

A

elongated cylindrical bursa wrapped around a tendon; abundant in hands and feet

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47
Q

three main determiners of ROM

A
  1. structure of the articular surface
  2. strength and tautness of ligaments and joint capsules
  3. action of the muscles and tendons
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48
Q

dislocation/luxation

A

caused by extreme stress on joints
- articular surfaces are forced out of position
- damages articular cartilage, ligaments, joint capsule

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49
Q

what joint is more prone to luxation? why?

A

the shoulder joint, due to its high ROM

50
Q

subluxation

A

a partial dislocation, aka ‘double jointed’
- weakly stabilized joints that are prone to dislocation

51
Q

multiaxial joints

A

more than two degrees of freedom (shoulder joint); ball-and-socket

52
Q

biaxial joints

A

have two degrees of freedom; condylar, saddle, plane

53
Q

monoaxial

A

only one degree of freedom; hinge, pivot

54
Q

synovial joints: ball-and-socket

A

smooth, hemispherical head fits within a cup-like socket
ex. shoulder, hip

55
Q

synovial joints: condylar (ellipsoid)

A

oval, convex surface of one bone fits into a complimentary shaped depression on the other
ex. radiocarpal joint, metacarpophalangeal joints

56
Q

synovial joints: saddle

A

both bones have an articular surface that is shaped like a saddle, one concave, the other convex
ex. thumb

57
Q

synovial joints: plane (gliding)

A

flat articular surfaces, bones slide over each other
ex. between carpal bones, tarsal bones

58
Q

synovial joints: hinge

A

one bone with convex surface fits into a concave depression of another
ex. elbow, knee, fingers, toes

59
Q

synovial joints: pivot

A

a bone spins on its longitudinal axis
ex. atlas/axis

60
Q

zero position

A

when a joint is in its resting state at anatomical position

61
Q

flexion

A

movement that decreases the joint angle

62
Q

extension

A

movement that straightens a joint and returns a body part to the zero position

63
Q

hyperextension

A

extension of a joint beyond the zero position

64
Q

abduction

A

movement of a body part in the frontal plane away from the midline of the body

65
Q

hyperabduction

A

raise arm to cross over back or front of the head

66
Q

adduction

A

movement in the frontal plane back toward the midline

67
Q

hyperadduction

A

crossing fingers, crossing ankles

68
Q

elevation

A

movement raises a body part vertically in the frontal plane

69
Q

depression

A

movement that lowers a body part in the same plane

70
Q

protraction

A

the anterior movement of a body part in the transverse plane

71
Q

retraction

A

posterior movement

72
Q

circumduction

A

one end of an appendage remains stationary while other end makes a circular motion

73
Q

rotation

A

movement in which a bone spins on its longitudinal axis

74
Q

medial (internal) rotation

A

turns the bone inward

75
Q

lateral (external) rotation

A

turns the bone outward

76
Q

supination

A

forearm movement that turns the palm to face anteriorly or upward

77
Q

pronation

A

forearm movement that turns palm to face either posteriorly or downward

78
Q

opposition

A

thumb moves to approach the tip of another finger

79
Q

reposition

A

return of thumb to the zero position

80
Q

dorsiflexion

A

elevating toes are you do while swinging foot forward

81
Q

plantar flexion

A

extending foot so that toes point downward as in standing on toes

82
Q

inversion

A

movement in which soles are turned medially

83
Q

eversion

A

movement in which the soles are turned laterally

84
Q

temporomandibular joint

A

articulation of the condyle of the mandible with the mandibular fossa of the temporal bone

85
Q

how is the synovial cavity of the TMJ divided?

A

into superior and inferior chambers by an articular disc

86
Q

what two ligaments support the TMJ?

A

lateral ligament and sphenomandibular ligament

87
Q

TMJ: lateral ligament

A

prevents posterior displacement of mandible

88
Q

TMJ: sphenomandibular ligament

A

on the medial side of the joint

89
Q

TMJ dysfunction signs and symptoms (3)

A
  • clicking, popping, grating noises
  • restricted jaw movement
  • pain the intensifies with chewing and yawning
90
Q

TMJ treatments

A

pain medication, behavior therapies

91
Q

glenohumeral (humeroscapular) joint

A
  • aka shoulder joint
    hemispherical head of humerus articulates with glenoid cavity of the scapula
92
Q

glenoid labrum

A

fibrocartilage ring that deepens glenoid cavity

93
Q

supporting structures of the shoulder joints (2)

A
  • biceps brachii, long head tendon
  • rotator cuff
94
Q

rotator cuff

A

tendons of four muscles (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis) fuse to form this structure

95
Q

shoulder: anterior dislocation

A

anterior displacement of the humerus

96
Q

anterior dislocation accounts for _____ of cases

A

95%

97
Q

shoulder separation

A

results from a hit to the superior surface forcing the acromion of the scapula inferiorly- dislocates the clavicle from the scapula at the acromioclavicular joint

98
Q

humeroulnar joint

A

trochlea of the humerus joins trochlear notch of the ulna

99
Q

humeroradial joint

A

capitulum of the humerus meets head of the radius

100
Q

proximal radioulnar joint

A

not involved in the hinge, the head of the radius fits into the radial notch of the ulna

101
Q

annular ligament

A

holds the proximal radioulnar joint in place by encircling the radial head

102
Q

coxal joint

A

head of the femur inserts into acetabulum of the hip bone
- deep socket and fibrocartilage acetabular labrum assits with stability

103
Q

round ligament (ligamentum teres)

A

attaches fovea capitis on the head of the femur to the acetabulum of the coxal bone; contains artery that supplies blood to head of femur

104
Q

tibiofemoral (knee) joint

A

hinge joint between femur and tibia; largest and most complex diarthrosis of the body

105
Q

patellofemoral joint

A

where the patella and patellar ligament articulate with the femur

106
Q

lateral and medial menisci

A

two shock-absorbing cartilages in the knee joint cavity, jointed by the transverse ligament

107
Q

posterior popliteal region is supported by… (2)

A

extracapsular ligaments and intracapsular ligaments

108
Q

extracapsular ligaments

A

fibular (lateral) and tibial (medial) collateral ligaments; prevent knee rotating when extended

109
Q

intracapular ligaments

A

anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and posterior cruciate ligament (PCL); ACL prevents hyperextension, PCL prevents posterior displacement

110
Q

what are the most common injuries to the knee?

A

to the menisci and the ACL

111
Q

why do knee injuires heal so slowly?

A

low or no blood supply

112
Q

arthritis

A

a broad term for pain and inflammation of the joints

113
Q

what is the most common crippling disease in the United States?

A

arthritis

114
Q

rheumatologists

A

physicians who treat arthritis and other joint disorders

115
Q

osteoarthritis (OA)

A

‘wear and tear’ arthritis, results from years of joint wear; articular cartilage softens and degenerates, bone spurs develop

116
Q

gouty arthritis

A

crystal arthritis; occurs when uric acid or calcium salt crystals form within synovial fluid

117
Q

who is gouty arthritis more common in?

A

women

118
Q

what are some causes of gouty arthritis?

A

family history, increased age, alcohol consumption, food rich in purines, high fructose corn syrup

119
Q

rheumatoid arthritis (RA)

A

autoimmune attack against the joint tissues

120
Q

arthroplasty

A

replacement of diseased joint with artificial device called prosthesis

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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