- layers of gray matter covering the surface of hemispheres - 90% is neocortex

Lesson 15-16 Part II Flashcards by Sierra Heflin

cerebrum

develops from what?

develops from the telencephalon and is the largest, most conspicuous part of the human brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

gross anatomy: cerebrum

two cerebral hemispheres
longitudinal cerebral fissure
gyri and sulci
corpus callosum
each hemisphere has five distinct lobes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

three functional principles of the cerebrum

each hemisphere receives sensory info from, and sends motor commands to, the OPPOSITE side of the body
the two hemispheres have different functions, although structures are alike
correspondence between a specific function and specific region of the cerebral cortex is not precise

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

frontal lobe

rostral to the central sulcus
- responsible for voluntary motor functions, motivation, foresight, planning, memory, mood, emotion, social judgment, and aggression

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

prefrontal cortex

integrates information from sensory association areas, allowing us to perform abstract intellectual activities, like predicting consequences

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Damage to this area affects temporal relationships between events

prefrontal cortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

parietal lobe

between the central sulcus and parieto-occipital sulcus
- integrates general senses, tase, and some visual information

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

occipital lobe

caudal to the parieto-occipital sulcus
- primary visual center of the brain

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

temporal lobe

lateral and horizontal; below the lateral sulcus
- functions in hearing, smell, learning, memory, and some aspects of vision and emotion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

insula

deep to the lateral sulcus
- helps in understanding spoken language, taste, integrating information from visceral receptors

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

three types of tracts

projection tracts, commissural tracts, and association tracts

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

projection tracts

extend vertically between cerebrum and lower brain and spinal cord centers

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

commissural tracts

cross from one cerebral hemisphere to the other allowing communication between two sides of the cerebrum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

disconnection syndrom

each hemisphere is unaware of the other, generally caused by a cutting of the corpus callosum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

association tracts

connect different regions within the same cerebral hemisphere
- long association fibers connect different lobes
- short association fibers connect gyri within a lobe

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

cerebral cortex

layers of gray matter covering the surface of hemispheres
90% is neocortex

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

neocortex

six-layered tissue that has relatively recent evolutionary origin (the cerebral cortex)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

limbic system

important center of emotion and learning
- contains regions of the cerebrum and diencephalon
- link conscious functions with autonomic ones
- establishes emotional states
- facilitates memory storage and retrieval
- has structures for reward and aversion

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

primary somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus)

site where sensory input is first received and becomes conscious of the stimulus
- association areas near primary sensory areas process and interpret that sensory info

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

somatotopy

point-to-point correspondence between an area of the body and an area of the CNS; reflected in the sensory homunculus is the postcentral gyrus

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

primary visual cortex

posterior region of the occipital lobe; receives visual signals from the eyes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

primary auditory cortex

superior region of the temporal lobe; receives auditory signals

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

auditory association area

inferior to the primary auditory cortex; recognizes spoken words, music, and voices

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

primary gustatory cortex

inferior end of the postcentral gyrus

primary olfactory cortex

medial cortex of the temporal lobe

sensor homunculus

diagram of sensory inputs to the primary somatosensory cortex in the parietal lobe

primary motor cortex (postcentral gyrus)

voluntary motor commands are transmitted to these neurons; send signals to the brainstem and spinal cord leading ultimately to muscle contraction

Wernicke's area

posterior speech area - posterior to the lateral sulcus, usually in the left hemisphere; recognition of spoken and written language

Broca's area

motor language area - inferior to the prefrontal cortex, usually in the left hemisphere; generates motor program for the muscles of the larynx, tongue, cheeks, and lips for speaking and hands when singing

when we intend to speak, _____ area formulates phrases and transmits plans of speech to _____ area

Wernicke's, Broca's

_____ area transmits the program to the _____ _____ cortex for commands to the lower motor neurons that supply relevant muscles

Broca's, primary motor

aphasia

any language deficit from lesions in Wernicke's or Broca's area

nonfluent aphasia

approximate words

fluent aphasia

make up words

cerebral lateralization

difference in structure, function, between the two cerebral hemispheres

left hemisphere (4)

usually the categorical hemisphere - specialized for spoken and written language - sequential and analytical reasoning (math/science) - breaks information into fragments and analyzes it

right hemisphere (6)

usually the representational hemisphere - perceives info in a more integrated way - seat of imagination and insight - musical and artistic skill - perception of patterns and spatial relationships - comparison of sights, sounds, smells, and taste

lateralization is correlated with... (3)

handedness, age, and sex

electroencephalogram (EEG)

recording of brain waves, rhythmic voltage changes in surface layers of the cortex

what are EEG's useful for?

- studying normal brain functions as sleep and consciousness - helps in diagnosis of degenerative brain disease, metabolic abnormalities, brain tumors, and trauma

alpha brain waves (3)

- 8 to 13 Hz - awake and resting with eyes closed and mind wandering - suppressed when eyes open or performing a mental task, absent during sleep

beta brain waves (3)

- 14 to 30 Hz - accentuated during mental activity and sensory stimulation - appear when awake and concentrating on something/performing a task

theta brain waves (3)

- 4 to 7 Hz - found normally in children, or in intensely frustrates, drowsy, or sleeping adults - may indicate a brain disorder or brain tumor in adults

delta brain waves (3)

- < 3.5 Hz - high amplitude - found in adults in deep sleep, in adults with brain damage

sensory cranial nerves

I, II, and VIII - carry signals only from outlying sense organs to the brain

motor cranial nerves

III, IV, VI, XI, XII - stimulate muscle but also contain fibers of proprioception

mixed cranial nerves

V, VII, IX, X - sensory functions may be quite unrelated to their motor function ex. facial nerve 7 has a sensory role in taste and a motor role in facial expression

cranial nerves: olfactory (I)

sensory function - smell

cranial nerves: optic (II)

sensory function - vision

cranial nerves: oculomotor (III)

motor function - eye movement, iris

cranial nerves: trochlear (IV)

motor function - eye movement

cranial nerves: trigeminal (V)

sensory of the face and mouth, and motor of the mouth

cranial nerves: abducens (VI)

motor function - eye movement

cranial nerves: facial (VII)

sensory function of taste and motor function of facial expression

cranial nerves: vestibulocochlear (VIII)

sensory function - hearing, balance, equilibrium

cranial nerves: glossopharyngeal (IX)

sensory function of taste and motor function of the head and neck

cranial nerves: vagus (X)

sensory of the viscera and motor of the digestive and respiratory tracts

cranial nerves: accessory (XI)

motor functions of the neck and upper back

cranial nerves: hypoglossal (XII)

motor function of the tongue