Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

1
Q

the formation of bone is called (2)

A

ossification or osteogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

calcification

A

process of depositing calcium salts during bone ossification and in other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bone develops by two methods:

A
  1. intramembranous ossification
  2. endochondral ossification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

also called dermal ossification
- occurs in the dermis
- produces flat bones of the skull, most of the clavicle, and part of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

summary of stages of intramembranous ossification (4)

A
  1. deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic mesenchyme
  2. calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment of osteoblasts, causing them to become osteocytes
  3. honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum
  4. filling of space to form compact bone at the surfaces, leaving spongy bone in the middle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone develops from hyaline cartilage model
- produces most bones in the body
- limbs, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

summary of stages of endochondral ossification (6)

A
  1. mesenchyme forms early hyaline cartilage model
  2. formation of primary ossification center (center of the long bone), bone collar, and periosteum
  3. vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity, and appearance of secondary ossification center (at an epiphysis)
  4. bone at birth contains enlarged marrow cavity and secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis
  5. bone of a child contain an epiphyseal plate
  6. adult bone contains a single marrow cavity and the epiphyseal plate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

metaphysis: zone of reserve cartilage

A

typical histology of resting hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metaphysis: zone of cell proliferation

A

chondrocytes multiplying and lining up in rows of small, flattened lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

metaphysis: zone of cell hypertrophy

A

cessation of mitosis; enlargement of chondrocytes and thinning of lacuna walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

metaphysis: zone of calcification

A

temporary calcification of cartilage matrix between columns of lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metaphysis: zone of bone deposition

A

breakdown of lacuna walls, leaving open channels; death of chondrocytes; bone deposition by osteoblasts forming trabeculae of spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

interstitial growth

A

cartilage growth from within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

achondroplastic dwarfism

A

long bones stop growing in childhood, results in normal torso and short limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what causes achondroplastic dwarfism?

A

genetic mutation in the FGFR3 gene which is important in bone development and maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

caused by lack of growth hormone; normal proportions but short stature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

appositional growth

A

deposition of new tissue at the bone surface, growth in diameter and thickness
- intramembranous ossification at bone surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wolff’s law of bone

A

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mineralization

A

crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

osteoblasts produce _____ _____ that spiral the length of the osteon

A

collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ectopic ossification

A

abnormal calcification of tissues, such as a lung, brain, eye, muscle, tendon, or artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

calculus

A

a calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

heterotopic bones

A

bones formed in non-skeletal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

heterotopic bones: myositis ossification

A

rare genetic form, causes muscles to ossify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

heterotopic bones: traumatic myositis

A

repeated trauma or single hard hit to soft tissue triggers ossification of tissue there

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

heterotopic bones: neurogenic heterotopic ossification

A

frequent complication to spinal cord injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)

A

rare genetic heterotopic ossification disorder causes progressive muscle and connective tissue conversion to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

mineral resorption

A

process of dissolving bone; releases minerals into blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how does mineral resorption work? (4)

A
  1. hydrogen pumps on the plasma membrane secrete hydrogen into the space between osteoclast and bone surface
  2. chloride ions follow by electrical attraction
  3. hydrochloric acid (pH4) dissolves bone minerals
  4. acid-tolerant protease enzyme digests collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

hypocalcemia

A

calcium deficiency; causes excessive excitability of nervous system and muscles
- caused by low vitamin D, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, etc.

31
Q

hypercalcemia

A

calcium excess; causes nerve and muscle cells to be less excitable than normal

32
Q

calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones

A

calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone

33
Q

calcitriol

A

form of vitamin D produced by sequential actions of the skin, liver, and kidneys

34
Q

how is calcitriol formed in the body? (3)

A
  1. epidermal keratinocytes use UV radiation to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D; warm sun converts this to vitamin D3
  2. liver adds hydroxyl group converting it to calcidiol
  3. kidney ads a hydroxyl group converting that to calcitriol
35
Q

calcitriol acts to raise blood calcium in three ways

A
  1. increase calcium absorption by small intestine
  2. increase calcium resorption from skeleton
  3. weakly promotes reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys
36
Q

calcitonin

A

produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland (C cells); secreted when blood calcium levels are too high

37
Q

how does calcitonin lower blood concentration? (2)

A

osteoclast inhibition, osteoblast stimulation

38
Q

parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

secreted by the parathyroid glands on posterior surface of the thyroid in response to low calcium in the blood

39
Q

PTH raises blood calcium levels by four mechanisms:

A
  1. binds to receptors on osteoblasts, which then stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone
  2. promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, so less is lost in urine
  3. promoties the final step of calcitriol synthesis in kidneys, enhancing calcium-raising effects
  4. inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, inhibiting bone deposition
40
Q

how does calcitriol raise phosphate levels?

A

promotes its absorption by the small intestine

41
Q

how does PTH lower blood phosphate levels?

A

promoting its urinary excretion

42
Q

_____ is required for collagen synthesis and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation

A

vitamin C

43
Q

_____ stimulates osteoblast activity (important for normal bone growth in children

A

vitamin A

44
Q

______ and _____ help synthesize bone proteins

A

vitamin K and vitamins B12

45
Q

_____ _____ and _____ stimulate bone growth

A

growth hormone, thyroxine

46
Q

_____ and _____ stimulate osteoblasts

A

estrogens and androgens

47
Q

growth hormone (GH)

A

released by the pituitary gland that affects all cells in the body

48
Q

orthopedics

A

branch of medicine dealing with prevention and correction of injuries disorders of bones, joints, and muscles

49
Q

what are bone fractures classified as? (2)

A

stress fractures of pathological fractures

50
Q

stress fracture

A

berak caused by abnormal trauma to a bone (ex. a fall)

51
Q

pathological fracture

A

breaks in bone weakened by disease, usually caused by a stress that would not break healthy bone

52
Q

major types of fractures: transverse

A

across the long axis

53
Q

major types of fractures: displaced

A

produced new/abnormal bone arrangements

54
Q

major types of fractures: nondisplaced

A

bone fragments are in normal alignment

55
Q

major types of fractures: compression

A

produced on vertebrae on hard falls to seat

56
Q

major types of fractures: spiral

A

twisting stress on length of bone

57
Q

major types of fractures: compound

A

bone fractures that breaks through skin

58
Q

major types of fractures: epiphyseal

A

usually occurs where bone matrix is undergoing calcification, can permanently stop growth of that bone

59
Q

major types of fractures: comminuted

A

shatters bone into multiple fragments

60
Q

major types of fractures: greenstick

A

only one side of the bone is broken, other side is bent (generally occurs in children)

61
Q

major types of fractures: colles

A

break in distal portion of the radius (usually caused by reaching out to cushion a fall)

62
Q

major types of fractures: pott’s

A

occurs at ankle affecting tibia and fibula

63
Q

stages of healing fractures: hematoma formation

A

first step: blood clots converted to granulation tissue

64
Q

stages of healing fractures: soft callus formation

A

deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage converts granulation tissue to a soft callus

65
Q

stages of healing fractures: hard callus formation

A

osteoblasts deposit temporary bony collar to unite broken pieces while ossification occcurs

66
Q

stages of healing fractures: bone remodeling

A

small bone fragments are removed by osteoclasts while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and convert it to compact bone

67
Q

closed reduction

A

procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery

68
Q

open reduction and internal fixation

A

involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments

69
Q

osteopenia

A

measurable decline in bone density; may advance to osteoporosis

70
Q

osteroperosis

A

severe loss of bone density; bones fracture easily

71
Q

who is at more risk for bone disorders? (4)

A

women, smaller people, white women of asian/european origin, older people

72
Q

what two hormones help maintain bone tissue?

A

estrogens and androgens

73
Q

what can cancerous bone tissue secrete to break down bone?

A

osteoclast-activiating factor

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions