Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 9 > Flashcards

Lesson 9 Flashcards

1
Q

the formation of bone is called (2)

A

ossification or osteogenesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

calcification

A

process of depositing calcium salts during bone ossification and in other tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

bone develops by two methods:

A
  1. intramembranous ossification
  2. endochondral ossification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

intramembranous ossification

A

also called dermal ossification
- occurs in the dermis
- produces flat bones of the skull, most of the clavicle, and part of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

summary of stages of intramembranous ossification (4)

A
  1. deposition of osteoid tissue into embryonic mesenchyme
  2. calcification of osteoid tissue and entrapment of osteoblasts, causing them to become osteocytes
  3. honeycomb of spongy bone with developing periosteum
  4. filling of space to form compact bone at the surfaces, leaving spongy bone in the middle
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

endochondral ossification

A

bone develops from hyaline cartilage model
- produces most bones in the body
- limbs, vertebrae, ribs, sternum, scapula

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

summary of stages of endochondral ossification (6)

A
  1. mesenchyme forms early hyaline cartilage model
  2. formation of primary ossification center (center of the long bone), bone collar, and periosteum
  3. vascular invasion, formation of primary marrow cavity, and appearance of secondary ossification center (at an epiphysis)
  4. bone at birth contains enlarged marrow cavity and secondary marrow cavity in one epiphysis
  5. bone of a child contain an epiphyseal plate
  6. adult bone contains a single marrow cavity and the epiphyseal plate
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

metaphysis: zone of reserve cartilage

A

typical histology of resting hyaline cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

metaphysis: zone of cell proliferation

A

chondrocytes multiplying and lining up in rows of small, flattened lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

metaphysis: zone of cell hypertrophy

A

cessation of mitosis; enlargement of chondrocytes and thinning of lacuna walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

metaphysis: zone of calcification

A

temporary calcification of cartilage matrix between columns of lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

metaphysis: zone of bone deposition

A

breakdown of lacuna walls, leaving open channels; death of chondrocytes; bone deposition by osteoblasts forming trabeculae of spongy bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

interstitial growth

A

cartilage growth from within

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

achondroplastic dwarfism

A

long bones stop growing in childhood, results in normal torso and short limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what causes achondroplastic dwarfism?

A

genetic mutation in the FGFR3 gene which is important in bone development and maintenance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

pituitary dwarfism

A

caused by lack of growth hormone; normal proportions but short stature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

appositional growth

A

deposition of new tissue at the bone surface, growth in diameter and thickness
- intramembranous ossification at bone surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Wolff’s law of bone

A

architecture of bone determined by mechanical stresses placed on it

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mineralization

A

crystallization process in which calcium, phosphate, and other ions are taken from blood and deposited in bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

osteoblasts produce _____ _____ that spiral the length of the osteon

A

collagen fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

ectopic ossification

A

abnormal calcification of tissues, such as a lung, brain, eye, muscle, tendon, or artery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

calculus

A

a calcified mass in an otherwise soft organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

heterotopic bones

A

bones formed in non-skeletal tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

heterotopic bones: myositis ossification

A

rare genetic form, causes muscles to ossify

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
heterotopic bones: traumatic myositis
repeated trauma or single hard hit to soft tissue triggers ossification of tissue there
26
heterotopic bones: neurogenic heterotopic ossification
frequent complication to spinal cord injury
27
fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP)
rare genetic heterotopic ossification disorder causes progressive muscle and connective tissue conversion to bone
28
mineral resorption
process of dissolving bone; releases minerals into blood
29
how does mineral resorption work? (4)
1. hydrogen pumps on the plasma membrane secrete hydrogen into the space between osteoclast and bone surface 2. chloride ions follow by electrical attraction 3. hydrochloric acid (pH4) dissolves bone minerals 4. acid-tolerant protease enzyme digests collagen
30
hypocalcemia
calcium deficiency; causes excessive excitability of nervous system and muscles - caused by low vitamin D, diarrhea, thyroid tumors, etc.
31
hypercalcemia
calcium excess; causes nerve and muscle cells to be less excitable than normal
32
calcium homeostasis is regulated by three hormones
calcitriol, calcitonin, and parathyroid hormone
33
calcitriol
form of vitamin D produced by sequential actions of the skin, liver, and kidneys
34
how is calcitriol formed in the body? (3)
1. epidermal keratinocytes use UV radiation to convert 7-dehydrocholesterol to previtamin D; warm sun converts this to vitamin D3 2. liver adds hydroxyl group converting it to calcidiol 3. kidney ads a hydroxyl group converting that to calcitriol
35
calcitriol acts to raise blood calcium in three ways
1. increase calcium absorption by small intestine 2. increase calcium resorption from skeleton 3. weakly promotes reabsorption of calcium from the kidneys
36
calcitonin
produced by parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland (C cells); secreted when blood calcium levels are too high
37
how does calcitonin lower blood concentration? (2)
osteoclast inhibition, osteoblast stimulation
38
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
secreted by the parathyroid glands on posterior surface of the thyroid in response to low calcium in the blood
39
PTH raises blood calcium levels by four mechanisms:
1. binds to receptors on osteoblasts, which then stimulate osteoclasts to resorb bone 2. promotes calcium reabsorption by the kidneys, so less is lost in urine 3. promoties the final step of calcitriol synthesis in kidneys, enhancing calcium-raising effects 4. inhibits collagen synthesis by osteoblasts, inhibiting bone deposition
40
how does calcitriol raise phosphate levels?
promotes its absorption by the small intestine
41
how does PTH lower blood phosphate levels?
promoting its urinary excretion
42
_____ is required for collagen synthesis and stimulation of osteoblast differentiation
vitamin C
43
_____ stimulates osteoblast activity (important for normal bone growth in children
vitamin A
44
______ and _____ help synthesize bone proteins
vitamin K and vitamins B12
45
_____ _____ and _____ stimulate bone growth
growth hormone, thyroxine
46
_____ and _____ stimulate osteoblasts
estrogens and androgens
47
growth hormone (GH)
released by the pituitary gland that affects all cells in the body
48
orthopedics
branch of medicine dealing with prevention and correction of injuries disorders of bones, joints, and muscles
49
what are bone fractures classified as? (2)
stress fractures of pathological fractures
50
stress fracture
berak caused by abnormal trauma to a bone (ex. a fall)
51
pathological fracture
breaks in bone weakened by disease, usually caused by a stress that would not break healthy bone
52
major types of fractures: transverse
across the long axis
53
major types of fractures: displaced
produced new/abnormal bone arrangements
54
major types of fractures: nondisplaced
bone fragments are in normal alignment
55
major types of fractures: compression
produced on vertebrae on hard falls to seat
56
major types of fractures: spiral
twisting stress on length of bone
57
major types of fractures: compound
bone fractures that breaks through skin
58
major types of fractures: epiphyseal
usually occurs where bone matrix is undergoing calcification, can permanently stop growth of that bone
59
major types of fractures: comminuted
shatters bone into multiple fragments
60
major types of fractures: greenstick
only one side of the bone is broken, other side is bent (generally occurs in children)
61
major types of fractures: colles
break in distal portion of the radius (usually caused by reaching out to cushion a fall)
62
major types of fractures: pott's
occurs at ankle affecting tibia and fibula
63
stages of healing fractures: hematoma formation
first step: blood clots converted to granulation tissue
64
stages of healing fractures: soft callus formation
deposition of collagen and fibrocartilage converts granulation tissue to a soft callus
65
stages of healing fractures: hard callus formation
osteoblasts deposit temporary bony collar to unite broken pieces while ossification occcurs
66
stages of healing fractures: bone remodeling
small bone fragments are removed by osteoclasts while osteoblasts deposit spongy bone and convert it to compact bone
67
closed reduction
procedure in which bone fragments are manipulated into their normal positions without surgery
68
open reduction and internal fixation
involves surgical exposure of the bone and the use of plates, screws, or pins to realign the fragments
69
osteopenia
measurable decline in bone density; may advance to osteoporosis
70
osteroperosis
severe loss of bone density; bones fracture easily
71
who is at more risk for bone disorders? (4)
women, smaller people, white women of asian/european origin, older people
72
what two hormones help maintain bone tissue?
estrogens and androgens
73
what can cancerous bone tissue secrete to break down bone?
osteoclast-activiating factor

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions