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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 12 > Flashcards

Lesson 12 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood

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2
Q

nervous system

A

utilizes neurons (nerve cells) to send messages from cell to cell by electrical and chemical means

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3
Q

three steps of nervous system communication

A
  1. receives stimuli from external environment and transmit it to the CNS
  2. CNS processes the info and determines response
  3. CNS issues commands to muscle and gland cells to carry out response
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4
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves and ganglia

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6
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue (PNS)

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7
Q

ganglion

A

a knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies of PNS are concentrated

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8
Q

what are the two major divisions of the PNS?

A

sensory and motor

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9
Q

sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

A

carries signals from receptors (sense organs) to the CNS

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10
Q

somatic sensory division of the PNS

A

carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

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11
Q

visceral sensory division of the PNS

A

carries signals from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, bladder)

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12
Q

motor (efferent) division of the PNS

A

carries signals from the CNS to effectors (glands and muscles that carry out the response)

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13
Q

somatic motor division of the PNS

A

carries signals from SKELETAL muscles; causes voluntary muscle contraction and autonomic reflexes

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14
Q

visceral motor division of the PNS

A

aka autonomic nervous system (ANS)
carries signals to glands, cardiac, and smooth muscle; no voluntary control

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15
Q

the visceral motor division is also known as?

A

the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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16
Q

sympathetic division of the ANS

A

stimulates and prepares the body for action

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17
Q

parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

has a calming effect on the body

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18
Q

enteric plexus

A

within the digestive tract, enables coordination within the digestive tract

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19
Q

tract

A

a bundle of axons in the CNS

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20
Q

nucleus

A

a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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21
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli

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22
Q

conductivity

A

produce electrical signals that are conducted to other cells

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23
Q

secretion

A

when a signal reaches the end of an axon, the neuron secretes a neurotransmitter that stimulates the next cell

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24
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

detect stimuli and transmit information about them toward the CNS

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25
interneurons
receive signals from other neurons, processes this info, and makes resulting 'decisions'
26
motor (efferent) neurons
send signals out to muscles and gland cells
27
cell body
also called neurosoma, soma, or perikaryon; contains nucleus and many organelles
28
neurites
extensions of the neuron reaching out to other cells
29
dendrites
most numerous neurites, resemble branching of a tree; primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons
30
axon (nerve fiber)
long, cylindrical extension; relatively unbranched but may give off axon collaterals; specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals
31
axon hillock
the beginning of an axon; mound on one side of the cell body
32
axoplasm
cytoplasm in neurons
33
axolemma
neuronal cell membrane
34
terminal arborization
very branches end of an axon
35
axon terminal (terminal bouton)
a bulbous end to each branch of arborization
36
a neuron never has more then _____ axon
one
37
multipolar neuron
one axon, many dendrites; most common type in the body, most are in the CNS
38
bipolar neuron
one axon and one dendrite ; olfactory cells, neurons of the retina, sensory neurons in the ear
39
unipolar neuron
single process leading away from the cell body, splits into peripheral process and central process
40
anaxonic neuron
many dendrites but no axon; found in brain, retina, and adrenal gland
41
axonal transport
two-way passage of materials along an axon
42
anterograde transport
movement away from the cell body, down the axon; driven by motor protein kinesin
43
retrograde transport
movement up the axon toward the cell body; driven by motor protein dynein
44
rabies virus
bypasses CNS defenses by infecting the CNS through retrograde transport; the virus is transported back to the CNS from the infected nerve
45
neuroglia/glial cells
non-neuronal supportive cells
46
functions of glial cells (4)
- form supportive tissue framework - binds neurons together - in fetus, guide migrating neurons to their destination - cover mature neurons (except synapses)
47
glial cells: oligodendrocytes
form the myelin sheaths in the CNS
48
glial cells: ependymal cells
line internal cavities of the brain; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
49
glial cells: microglia
macrophages; engulf debris, provide defense against pathogens
50
glial cells: astrocytes
most abundant type; wide variety of functions
51
the many functions of astrocytes (know some)
Provide framework for nervous tissue; extensions (perivascular feet) contact capillaries and stimulate formation of blood-brain barrier; adjust blood flow; supply neurons with lactate for energy; secrete nerve growth factors; influence synaptic signaling; regulate composition of tissue fluid; form scar tissue when neurons are damaged, a process called astrocytosis or sclerosis
52
peripheral glial cells: schwann cells (neurolemmocyte)
envelop axons of the PNS, form myelin sheath, and assist in regeneration of damaged fibers
53
peripheral glial cells: satellite cells
surround nerve cell bodies in ganglia of PNS; provide insulation around cell body and regulate chemical environment
54
where do brain tumors arise from?
- meninges (protective membranes of CNS) - metastasis from non neuronal tumors - glial cells that are mitotically active throughout life
55
gliomas
tumors of glial cells; grow rapidly and are highly malignant
56
myelin sheath
spiral layers of insulation around an axon, formed by Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)
57
myelination
the process of creating the myelin sheath, completed by late adolescence
58
neurilemma
the thich, outermost layer of a Schwann cell of the myelin sheath; contains nucleus and most of its cytoplasm
59
myelination in the CNS
- Each oligodendrocyte extends several processes that wrap around small portions of many axons in its immediate vicinity - nucleus can not migrate around the axon like Schwann cells
60
in both the PNS and CNS, the myelin sheath is _____
segmented
61
node of Ranvier
gaps between segments of the myelin sheath
62
internodal segments
myelin-covered segments
63
initial segment
bare section of axon between the axon hillock and the first glial cell
64
trigger zone
axon hillock and initial segment of axon; important role in initiating nerve signal
65
Multiple Sclerosis
- oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath in the CNS deteriorate - myelin is replaced with hardened scar tissue - nerve conduction disrupted - onset between 20-40 - autoimmune triggered by virus?
66
Tay-Sachs disease
- hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants - abnormal accumulation of glycolipid called GM2 in the myelin sheath
67
unmyelinated axons
- membrane folds once around each axon; does not spiral repeatedly around it - wrap serves as the nuerolemma - basal lamina surrounds Schwann cells
68
steps of regeneration
- axon distal to the injury degenerates, macrophages clean up tissue debris - bell body swells, ER breaks up, nucleus moves off center - axon stump sprouts multiple growth processes - Schwann cells neurolemma, endoeurium, and basal lamina form a regeneration tube - etc.

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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