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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 12 > Flashcards

Lesson 12 Flashcards

1
Q

endocrine system

A

communicates by means of chemical messengers (hormones) secreted into the blood

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2
Q

nervous system

A

utilizes neurons (nerve cells) to send messages from cell to cell by electrical and chemical means

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3
Q

three steps of nervous system communication

A
  1. receives stimuli from external environment and transmit it to the CNS
  2. CNS processes the info and determines response
  3. CNS issues commands to muscle and gland cells to carry out response
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4
Q

central nervous system (CNS)

A

brain and spinal cord

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5
Q

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

A

nerves and ganglia

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6
Q

nerve

A

a bundle of nerve fibers (axons) wrapped in fibrous connective tissue (PNS)

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7
Q

ganglion

A

a knot-like swelling in a nerve where neuron cell bodies of PNS are concentrated

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8
Q

what are the two major divisions of the PNS?

A

sensory and motor

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9
Q

sensory (afferent) division of the PNS

A

carries signals from receptors (sense organs) to the CNS

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10
Q

somatic sensory division of the PNS

A

carries signals from receptors in the skin, muscles, bones, and joints

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11
Q

visceral sensory division of the PNS

A

carries signals from the viscera (heart, lungs, stomach, bladder)

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12
Q

motor (efferent) division of the PNS

A

carries signals from the CNS to effectors (glands and muscles that carry out the response)

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13
Q

somatic motor division of the PNS

A

carries signals from SKELETAL muscles; causes voluntary muscle contraction and autonomic reflexes

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14
Q

visceral motor division of the PNS

A

aka autonomic nervous system (ANS)
carries signals to glands, cardiac, and smooth muscle; no voluntary control

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15
Q

the visceral motor division is also known as?

A

the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

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16
Q

sympathetic division of the ANS

A

stimulates and prepares the body for action

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17
Q

parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

has a calming effect on the body

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18
Q

enteric plexus

A

within the digestive tract, enables coordination within the digestive tract

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19
Q

tract

A

a bundle of axons in the CNS

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20
Q

nucleus

A

a cluster of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS

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21
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli

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22
Q

conductivity

A

produce electrical signals that are conducted to other cells

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23
Q

secretion

A

when a signal reaches the end of an axon, the neuron secretes a neurotransmitter that stimulates the next cell

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24
Q

sensory (afferent) neurons

A

detect stimuli and transmit information about them toward the CNS

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25
Q

interneurons

A

receive signals from other neurons, processes this info, and makes resulting ‘decisions’

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26
Q

motor (efferent) neurons

A

send signals out to muscles and gland cells

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27
Q

cell body

A

also called neurosoma, soma, or perikaryon; contains nucleus and many organelles

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28
Q

neurites

A

extensions of the neuron reaching out to other cells

29
Q

dendrites

A

most numerous neurites, resemble branching of a tree; primary sites for receiving signals from other neurons

30
Q

axon (nerve fiber)

A

long, cylindrical extension; relatively unbranched but may give off axon collaterals; specialized for rapid conduction of nerve signals

31
Q

axon hillock

A

the beginning of an axon; mound on one side of the cell body

32
Q

axoplasm

A

cytoplasm in neurons

33
Q

axolemma

A

neuronal cell membrane

34
Q

terminal arborization

A

very branches end of an axon

35
Q

axon terminal (terminal bouton)

A

a bulbous end to each branch of arborization

36
Q

a neuron never has more then _____ axon

A

one

37
Q

multipolar neuron

A

one axon, many dendrites; most common type in the body, most are in the CNS

38
Q

bipolar neuron

A

one axon and one dendrite ; olfactory cells, neurons of the retina, sensory neurons in the ear

39
Q

unipolar neuron

A

single process leading away from the cell body, splits into peripheral process and central process

40
Q

anaxonic neuron

A

many dendrites but no axon; found in brain, retina, and adrenal gland

41
Q

axonal transport

A

two-way passage of materials along an axon

42
Q

anterograde transport

A

movement away from the cell body, down the axon; driven by motor protein kinesin

43
Q

retrograde transport

A

movement up the axon toward the cell body; driven by motor protein dynein

44
Q

rabies virus

A

bypasses CNS defenses by infecting the CNS through retrograde transport; the virus is transported back to the CNS from the infected nerve

45
Q

neuroglia/glial cells

A

non-neuronal supportive cells

46
Q

functions of glial cells (4)

A
  • form supportive tissue framework
  • binds neurons together
  • in fetus, guide migrating neurons to their destination
  • cover mature neurons (except synapses)
47
Q

glial cells: oligodendrocytes

A

form the myelin sheaths in the CNS

48
Q

glial cells: ependymal cells

A

line internal cavities of the brain; secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

49
Q

glial cells: microglia

A

macrophages; engulf debris, provide defense against pathogens

50
Q

glial cells: astrocytes

A

most abundant type; wide variety of functions

51
Q

the many functions of astrocytes (know some)

A

Provide framework for nervous tissue; extensions (perivascular
feet) contact capillaries and stimulate formation of blood-brain
barrier; adjust blood flow; supply neurons with lactate for energy;
secrete nerve growth factors; influence synaptic signaling;
regulate composition of tissue fluid; form scar tissue when
neurons are damaged, a process called astrocytosis or sclerosis

52
Q

peripheral glial cells: schwann cells (neurolemmocyte)

A

envelop axons of the PNS, form myelin sheath, and assist in regeneration of damaged fibers

53
Q

peripheral glial cells: satellite cells

A

surround nerve cell bodies in ganglia of PNS; provide insulation around cell body and regulate chemical environment

54
Q

where do brain tumors arise from?

A
  • meninges (protective membranes of CNS)
  • metastasis from non neuronal tumors
  • glial cells that are mitotically active throughout life
55
Q

gliomas

A

tumors of glial cells; grow rapidly and are highly malignant

56
Q

myelin sheath

A

spiral layers of insulation around an axon, formed by Schwann cells (PNS) and oligodendrocytes (CNS)

57
Q

myelination

A

the process of creating the myelin sheath, completed by late adolescence

58
Q

neurilemma

A

the thich, outermost layer of a Schwann cell of the myelin sheath; contains nucleus and most of its cytoplasm

59
Q

myelination in the CNS

A
  • Each oligodendrocyte extends several processes that wrap around small portions of many axons in its immediate
    vicinity
  • nucleus can not migrate around the axon like Schwann cells
60
Q

in both the PNS and CNS, the myelin sheath is _____

A

segmented

61
Q

node of Ranvier

A

gaps between segments of the myelin sheath

62
Q

internodal segments

A

myelin-covered segments

63
Q

initial segment

A

bare section of axon between the axon hillock and the first glial cell

64
Q

trigger zone

A

axon hillock and initial segment of axon; important role in initiating nerve signal

65
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A
  • oligodendrocytes and myelin sheath in the CNS deteriorate
  • myelin is replaced with hardened scar tissue
  • nerve conduction disrupted
  • onset between 20-40
  • autoimmune triggered by virus?
66
Q

Tay-Sachs disease

A
  • hereditary disorder seen mainly in infants
  • abnormal accumulation of glycolipid called GM2 in the myelin sheath
67
Q

unmyelinated axons

A
  • membrane folds once around each axon; does not spiral repeatedly around it
  • wrap serves as the nuerolemma
  • basal lamina surrounds Schwann cells
68
Q

steps of regeneration

A
  • axon distal to the injury degenerates, macrophages clean up tissue debris
  • bell body swells, ER breaks up, nucleus moves off center
  • axon stump sprouts multiple growth processes
  • Schwann cells neurolemma, endoeurium, and basal lamina form a regeneration tube
  • etc.

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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