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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 2 > Flashcards

Lesson 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Robert Hooke

A
  • made many improvements to compound microscopes
  • first to see and name “cells”
  • published first comprehensive book of microscopy (Micrographia)
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2
Q

Cell Theory

A
  1. cells are the building blocks of all plants and animals
  2. all cells come from the division of pre-existing cells
  3. cells are the smallest unit that perform all vital physiological functions
  4. each cell maintains homeostasis at the cellular level
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3
Q

why is cell size limited?

A

surface area to volume ratios

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4
Q

somatic cells

A

body cells, formed by mitosis

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5
Q

sex cells

A

germ cells, reproductive cells

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6
Q

ECF

A

extracellular fluid, includes any fluid outside the cells
- interstitial fluid, blood plasma, lymph, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.

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7
Q

cytoplasm

A

region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

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8
Q

cytosol

A

the clear gel/intercellular fluid within the cytoplasm

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9
Q

functions of the plasma membrane (4)

A
  1. physical barrier
  2. regulates entry/exit of material into/out of cells
  3. responses to changes in the ECF
  4. provides support to the cell
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10
Q

phospholipids

A
  • 75% of membrane lipids
  • amphipathic arrange in a bilayer
  • drift laterally, keeping membrane fluid
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11
Q

cholesterol

A

holds phospholipids still and can stiffen membranes

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12
Q

glycolipids

A

phospholipids with short carbohydrate chains on extracellular face; contribute to glycocalyx

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13
Q

glycocalyx

A

carbohydrate component of glycoproteins and glycolipids located external to plasma membrane
- unique in everyone but identical twins

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14
Q

functions of the glycocalyx (7)

A
  1. protection
  2. immunity to infection
  3. defense against cancer
  4. transplant compatibility
  5. cell adhesion
  6. fertilization
  7. embryonic development
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15
Q

transmembrane proteins

A

pass completely through the membrane
most are glycoproteins

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16
Q

peripheral proteins

A

adhere to one face of the membrane

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17
Q

functions of membrane proteins

A

receptors, enzymes, channel proteins, carrier, cell-identity markers, cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)

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18
Q

functions of membrane proteins: receptors

A

bind chemical signals to trigger internal changes, may cause production of a second messenger

19
Q

functions of membrane proteins: enzymes

A

catalyze reactions including digestion of molecules, production of second messengers

20
Q

functions of membrane proteins: channel proteins

A

allow hydrophilic solutes and water to pass through the membrane

21
Q

leak channels

A

channel proteins that are always open

22
Q

gate channels

A

channel proteins that open only when triggered

23
Q

ligand-gated channels

A

channel proteins that respond to chemical messengers

24
Q

voltage-gated channels

A

channel proteins that respond to charge changes

25
Q

mechanically gated channels

A

channel proteins that respond to physical stress on cells

26
Q

functions of membrane proteins: carriers

A

bind solutes and transfer them across the membrane

27
Q

pumps

A

carriers that consume ATP to move substances across the membrane against its concentration gradient

28
Q

functions of membrane proteins: cell-identity markers

A

glycoproteins act as identification tags

29
Q

functions of membrane proteins: cell-adhesion

A

mechanically link cells to other cells and to extracellular material

30
Q

osmotic pressure

A

hydrostatic pressure required to stop osmossis

31
Q

hydrostatic pressure

A

fluid pressure on the membrane

32
Q

reverse osmosis

A

process of applying mechanical pressure to override osmotic pressure

33
Q

osmolarity

A

osmotic concentration; quantity of non-permeating solutes per liter of solution

34
Q

tonicity

A

ability of a surrounding solution to affect fluid volume and pressure in a cell

35
Q

carrier-mediated transport

A

proteins in a cell membrane carry solutes into/out of the cell

36
Q

carriers exhibit two main characteristics

A

specificity and saturation

37
Q

uniport

A

carrier that moves one type of solute
ex. calcium pump

38
Q

symport

A

carrier that moves two or more solutes simultaneously in the same direction, aka cotransport

39
Q

anitport

A

carrier that moves two or more solutes in opposite directions, aka countertransport

40
Q

vesicular transport

A

moves large particles, fluid droplets, or numerous molecules at once through the membrane in vesicles

41
Q

phagocytosis

A

engulfing and destroying large particles, aka cell eating

42
Q

pinocytosis

A

taking in droplets of ECF containing molecules useful in the cells, aka cell drinking

43
Q

receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

particles bind to specific receptors on plasma membrane

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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