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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Lesson 5 Flashcards

1
Q

four primary tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. nervous
  4. muscular
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2
Q

organ

A

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

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3
Q

epithelial tissue

A

sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with upper surface exposed to environment or internal space

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4
Q

where can epithelial tissue be found?

A
  • body surfaces (skin)
  • lines body cavities
  • constitutes most glands (endocrine, exocrine, sweat)
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5
Q

epithelial tissue is vascular/avascular?

A

avascular, is usually nourished by underlying connective tissue

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6
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: protection

A

protect deeper tissues from injury and infection

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7
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: secretion

A

produce and release mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and other substances

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8
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: excretion

A

void wastes from the tissues

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9
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: absorption

A

absorb chemicals, such as nutrients

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10
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: filtration

A

all substances leaving the body are selectively filtered by an epithelium

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11
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: sensation

A

nerve endings in epithelia detect stimuli
- neuroepithelium: specialized for specific sensory function

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12
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: cellularity

A

cells interconnected by cell junctions

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13
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: polarity

A

cells have orientation (apical/basal)

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14
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: attachment

A

attached to basement membrane, consists of two layers

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15
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: attachment - basal membrane

A

secretes clear layer (lamina lucida/basal lamina), prevents proteins and large molecule movement from connective tissue to epithelium

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16
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: attachment - underlying connective tissue

A

secretes dense layer (lamina densa/reticular lamina) to provide strength, filtration of materials

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17
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: avascularity

A

lacks blood vessels

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18
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: regeneration

A

continuously replacing cells by mitosis of epithelium stem cells

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19
Q

three surfaces of epithelial cells

A
  1. basal
  2. apical
  3. lateral
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20
Q

epithelial surface: basal

A

surface facing the basement membrane

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21
Q

epithelial surface: apical

A

surface that faces away from the basement membrane, can contain microvilli or cilia

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22
Q

epithelial surface: lateral

A

surface between the basal and apical surface, ‘side wall’

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23
Q

what are epithelia classified by?

A

the number of cell layers

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24
Q

simple epithelia

A

each cell is anchored to the basement membrane

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25
Q

stratified epithelia

A

have cells on top of others, not all contact the basement membrane

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26
Q

individual epithelial cells may be specialized to…(3)

A
  1. move fluid over the epithelium; protection and lubrication
  2. move fluids through the epithelium, controls permeability
  3. produce secretions that protects and/or acts as messengers
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27
Q

exfoliative cytology

A

epithelial cells or fluids produced from the epithelial lining are removed and checked for abnormal cellular changes
- pap smear

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28
Q

mesothelium

A

lines body cavities

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29
Q

endothelium

A

lines inner surfaces of the heart chambers and all blood vessels

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30
Q

ventral body cavity

A

divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

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31
Q

the thoracic cavity contains…

A

trachea, esophagus, heart, and lungs

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32
Q

the abdominopelvic cavity contains…

A

digestive, reproductive, and urinary organs

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33
Q

cranial cavity contains

A

brain

34
Q

cranial cavity membranous lining

A

meninges

35
Q

vertebral canal contains

A

spinal cord

36
Q

vertebral canal membranous lining

A

meninges

37
Q

the thoracic cavity contains…

A

the lungs and the heart

38
Q

membranous lining of the lungs is called…

A

pleurae

39
Q

membranous lining of the heart is called…

A

pericardium

40
Q

the abdominopelvic cavity contains…..

A

digestive organs, spleen, kidney, urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs

41
Q

abdominal cavity membranous lining is called…..

A

pericardium

42
Q

pelvic cavity membranous lining is called…

A

peritoneum

43
Q

thoracic cavity: mediastinum

A

located between the pleural cavities, contains the trachea, esophagus, thymus, and pericardial cavity

44
Q

abdominal cavity

A

superior component of the abdominopelvic cavity, from the diaphragm to the top of the pelvic bones (peritoneal cavity)

45
Q

pelvic cavity

A

inferior component that is medial to the pelvic bones (pelvic cavity)

46
Q

retroperitoneal space

A

outside the peritoneum

47
Q

what organs are in the retroperitoneal space?

A

pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive system

48
Q

three types of cellular junctions

A
  1. tight
  2. gap
  3. desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
49
Q

tight junction

A

zipper-like, interlocking linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins

50
Q

characteristics of tight junctions (3)

A
  1. encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface
  2. joins epithelial cells with neighboring cells
  3. seals off intercellular space, making it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between
51
Q

example of a tight junction

A

these appear in the stomach and the intestines to prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting underlying tissues

52
Q

gap (communicating) junction

A

channel between cells formed by ring-like proteins

53
Q

connexon

A

ring-like structure that forms gap junctions, consists of SIX transmembrane proteins arrange like segments of an orange around a water-filled channel

54
Q

characteristics of a gap junction (2)

A
  1. ions, nutrients, and other small solutes pass between cells
  2. important in coordinating contractions of cardiac muscles
55
Q

where can gap junctions be found? (5)

A

cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissues, lens, and cornea

56
Q

desmosome

A

patch that holds cells together, like a clothing snap

57
Q

characteristics of desmosomes (3)

A
  1. keeps cells from pulling apart, are very strong and resist mechanical stress
  2. hook-like, J shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton
  3. common in epidermis and other epithelia
58
Q

hemidesmosomes

A

half-desmosome that anchors basal cells of an epithelium to an underlying basement membrane, prevents epithelium from peeling away from underlying tissues

59
Q

gland

A

cell or organ that secretes substances for sure elsewhere in the body, or releases them for elimination from the body

60
Q

exocrine glands

A

maintain their contact with surface of epithelium but way of a duct

61
Q

endocrine glands

A

have no ducts, but do have many blood cappilaries, secrete hormones that enter the blood

62
Q

unicellular glands

A

secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory, can be exocrine or endocrine

63
Q

example of a unicellular gland

A
  • mucus-secreting goblet cells in the trachea
  • endocrine cells of the stomach
64
Q

multicellular glands

A

secretory sheet where gland cells form epithelium that releases their product into an inner compartment

65
Q

example of multicellular glands

A

mucin-secreting cells in the stomach, salivary glands

66
Q

two types of duct shapes

A
  1. simple - unbranched
  2. compound - branches
67
Q

secretory portions of glands (3)

A
  1. tubular
  2. acinar
  3. tubuloacinar/tubuloalveolar
68
Q

tubular secretory portions

A

narrow secretory portion, duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter

69
Q

acinar secretory portions

A

secretory cells for dilated sac
- acinus or alveolus

70
Q

tubuloacinar secretory portion

A

secretory cells are in both tubular and acinar portions

71
Q

serus glands

A

produce thin, water secretions

72
Q

examples of serus glands

A

perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices

73
Q

mucous glands

A

produce glycoprotein mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus

74
Q

example of a mucus gland

A

goblet cells

75
Q

mixed glands

A

contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions

76
Q

example of a mixed gland

A

the two pairs of salivary glands in the chin

77
Q

eccrine (merocrine) glands

A

release their Golgi products by exocytosis

78
Q

apocrine secretion

A

lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm; buds from cell surface

79
Q

holocrine secretion

A

cells accumulate a product and the entire cell lyses and disintegrates

80
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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