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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 5 > Flashcards

Lesson 5 Flashcards

1
Q

four primary tissues

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. nervous
  4. muscular
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2
Q

organ

A

structure with discrete boundaries that is composed of two or more tissue types

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3
Q

epithelial tissue

A

sheet of closely adhering cells, one or more cells thick, with upper surface exposed to environment or internal space

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4
Q

where can epithelial tissue be found?

A
  • body surfaces (skin)
  • lines body cavities
  • constitutes most glands (endocrine, exocrine, sweat)
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5
Q

epithelial tissue is vascular/avascular?

A

avascular, is usually nourished by underlying connective tissue

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6
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: protection

A

protect deeper tissues from injury and infection

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7
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: secretion

A

produce and release mucus, sweat, enzymes, hormones, and other substances

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8
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: excretion

A

void wastes from the tissues

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9
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: absorption

A

absorb chemicals, such as nutrients

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10
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: filtration

A

all substances leaving the body are selectively filtered by an epithelium

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11
Q

functions of epithelial tissue: sensation

A

nerve endings in epithelia detect stimuli
- neuroepithelium: specialized for specific sensory function

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12
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: cellularity

A

cells interconnected by cell junctions

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13
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: polarity

A

cells have orientation (apical/basal)

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14
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: attachment

A

attached to basement membrane, consists of two layers

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15
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: attachment - basal membrane

A

secretes clear layer (lamina lucida/basal lamina), prevents proteins and large molecule movement from connective tissue to epithelium

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16
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: attachment - underlying connective tissue

A

secretes dense layer (lamina densa/reticular lamina) to provide strength, filtration of materials

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17
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: avascularity

A

lacks blood vessels

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18
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissue: regeneration

A

continuously replacing cells by mitosis of epithelium stem cells

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19
Q

three surfaces of epithelial cells

A
  1. basal
  2. apical
  3. lateral
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20
Q

epithelial surface: basal

A

surface facing the basement membrane

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21
Q

epithelial surface: apical

A

surface that faces away from the basement membrane, can contain microvilli or cilia

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22
Q

epithelial surface: lateral

A

surface between the basal and apical surface, ‘side wall’

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23
Q

what are epithelia classified by?

A

the number of cell layers

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24
Q

simple epithelia

A

each cell is anchored to the basement membrane

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25
stratified epithelia
have cells on top of others, not all contact the basement membrane
26
individual epithelial cells may be specialized to...(3)
1. move fluid over the epithelium; protection and lubrication 2. move fluids through the epithelium, controls permeability 3. produce secretions that protects and/or acts as messengers
27
exfoliative cytology
epithelial cells or fluids produced from the epithelial lining are removed and checked for abnormal cellular changes - pap smear
28
mesothelium
lines body cavities
29
endothelium
lines inner surfaces of the heart chambers and all blood vessels
30
ventral body cavity
divided by the diaphragm into the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
31
the thoracic cavity contains...
trachea, esophagus, heart, and lungs
32
the abdominopelvic cavity contains...
digestive, reproductive, and urinary organs
33
cranial cavity contains
brain
34
cranial cavity membranous lining
meninges
35
vertebral canal contains
spinal cord
36
vertebral canal membranous lining
meninges
37
the thoracic cavity contains...
the lungs and the heart
38
membranous lining of the lungs is called...
pleurae
39
membranous lining of the heart is called...
pericardium
40
the abdominopelvic cavity contains.....
digestive organs, spleen, kidney, urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
41
abdominal cavity membranous lining is called.....
pericardium
42
pelvic cavity membranous lining is called...
peritoneum
43
thoracic cavity: mediastinum
located between the pleural cavities, contains the trachea, esophagus, thymus, and pericardial cavity
44
abdominal cavity
superior component of the abdominopelvic cavity, from the diaphragm to the top of the pelvic bones (peritoneal cavity)
45
pelvic cavity
inferior component that is medial to the pelvic bones (pelvic cavity)
46
retroperitoneal space
outside the peritoneum
47
what organs are in the retroperitoneal space?
pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and parts of the digestive system
48
three types of cellular junctions
1. tight 2. gap 3. desmosomes/hemidesmosomes
49
tight junction
zipper-like, interlocking linkage between two adjacent cells by transmembrane cell-adhesion proteins
50
characteristics of tight junctions (3)
1. encircles an epithelial cell near its apical surface 2. joins epithelial cells with neighboring cells 3. seals off intercellular space, making it difficult or impossible for substances to pass between
51
example of a tight junction
these appear in the stomach and the intestines to prevent digestive juices from seeping between epithelial cells and digesting underlying tissues
52
gap (communicating) junction
channel between cells formed by ring-like proteins
53
connexon
ring-like structure that forms gap junctions, consists of SIX transmembrane proteins arrange like segments of an orange around a water-filled channel
54
characteristics of a gap junction (2)
1. ions, nutrients, and other small solutes pass between cells 2. important in coordinating contractions of cardiac muscles
55
where can gap junctions be found? (5)
cardiac and smooth muscle, embryonic tissues, lens, and cornea
56
desmosome
patch that holds cells together, like a clothing snap
57
characteristics of desmosomes (3)
1. keeps cells from pulling apart, are very strong and resist mechanical stress 2. hook-like, J shaped proteins arise from cytoskeleton 3. common in epidermis and other epithelia
58
hemidesmosomes
half-desmosome that anchors basal cells of an epithelium to an underlying basement membrane, prevents epithelium from peeling away from underlying tissues
59
gland
cell or organ that secretes substances for sure elsewhere in the body, or releases them for elimination from the body
60
exocrine glands
maintain their contact with surface of epithelium but way of a duct
61
endocrine glands
have no ducts, but do have many blood cappilaries, secrete hormones that enter the blood
62
unicellular glands
secretory cells found in an epithelium that is predominantly non-secretory, can be exocrine or endocrine
63
example of a unicellular gland
- mucus-secreting goblet cells in the trachea - endocrine cells of the stomach
64
multicellular glands
secretory sheet where gland cells form epithelium that releases their product into an inner compartment
65
example of multicellular glands
mucin-secreting cells in the stomach, salivary glands
66
two types of duct shapes
1. simple - unbranched 2. compound - branches
67
secretory portions of glands (3)
1. tubular 2. acinar 3. tubuloacinar/tubuloalveolar
68
tubular secretory portions
narrow secretory portion, duct and secretory portion are of uniform diameter
69
acinar secretory portions
secretory cells for dilated sac - acinus or alveolus
70
tubuloacinar secretory portion
secretory cells are in both tubular and acinar portions
71
serus glands
produce thin, water secretions
72
examples of serus glands
perspiration, milk, tears, digestive juices
73
mucous glands
produce glycoprotein mucin, which absorbs water to form mucus
74
example of a mucus gland
goblet cells
75
mixed glands
contain both serous and mucous cell types and produce a mixture of the two types of secretions
76
example of a mixed gland
the two pairs of salivary glands in the chin
77
eccrine (merocrine) glands
release their Golgi products by exocytosis
78
apocrine secretion
lipid droplet covered by membrane and cytoplasm; buds from cell surface
79
holocrine secretion
cells accumulate a product and the entire cell lyses and disintegrates
80

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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