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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 15-16 Part I > Flashcards

Lesson 15-16 Part I Flashcards

1
Q

rostral

A

toward the forehead

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2
Q

caudal

A

toward the spinal cord

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3
Q

cerebrum

A

largest part of the brain, 83% of brain volume

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4
Q

name all the parts of the cerebrum (5)

A
  • cerebral hemispheres
  • gyri
  • sulci
  • longitudinal cerebral fissure
  • corpus callosum
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5
Q

cerebral hemispheres

A

pairs of half globes of the cerebrum

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6
Q

gyri

A

thick folds on the cerebrum surface

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7
Q

sulci

A

shallow grooves between gyri

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8
Q

longitudinal cerebral fissure

A

the deep groove that separates cerebral hemispheres

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9
Q

corpus callosum

A

thick nerve bundle at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure that connects hemispheres

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10
Q

cerebellum

A

second largest part of the brain; separated from cerebrum by transverse cerebral fissure; also has fissures, sulci, gyri

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11
Q

the cerebellum is separated from the cerebrum buy the _____ _____ _____

A

transverse cerebral fissure

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12
Q

brainstem

A

smallest portion of the brain

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13
Q

what does the brainstem include?(3)

A

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

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14
Q

gray matter

A

contains nerve cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons, synapses

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15
Q

cortex

A

surface layer of gray matter in the cerebrum and cerebellum

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16
Q

nuclei

A

deeper masses of gray matter, surrounded by white matter

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17
Q

white matter

A

bundles of myelinated nerve fibers that connect one part of the brain to another and to the spinal cord

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18
Q

what is white matter composed of?

A

tracts, bundles of myelinated nerve fibers

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19
Q

the nervous system developed from the _____, the outermost tissue layer of the embryo

A

ectoderm

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20
Q

by the fourth week, the neural tube that was formed from the ectoderm exhibits three primary vesicles at its anterior end:

A
  • forebrain (prosencephalon)
  • midbrain (mesencephalon)
  • hindbrain (rhombencephalon)
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21
Q

by the fifth week, the forebrain divides into two vesicles:

A

telencephalon and the diencephalon

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22
Q

by the fifth week, the midbrain…

A

remains undivided and retained the name mesencephalon

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23
Q

by the fifth week, the hindbrain divides into two vesicles:

A

metencephalon and myelencephalon

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24
Q

meninges

A

the three membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord that lie between the nervous tissue and bone

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25
Q

from outermost to innermost, the meninges are called…

A
  • dura mater
  • arachnoid mater
  • pia mater
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26
Q

what do meninges do?

A

protect the brain and provide a structural framework for its arteries and veins

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27
Q

the dura mater is composed of two layers:

A

periosteal layer and meningeal layer

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28
Q

dura mater: periosteal layer

A

equivalent to the periosteum of cranial bones

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29
Q

dura mater: meningeal layer

A

continues into vertebral canal and forms the dural sheath around the spinal cord

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30
Q

dural sinues

A

spaces located where periosteal and meningeal layers separate

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31
Q

_____ _____ _____ and _____ _____ collect blood circulating through the brain

A

superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus

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32
Q

where is the dura mater attached to bone? (4)

A
  • foramen magnum
  • sella turcica
  • crista galli
  • sutures of the skull
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33
Q

falx cerebri

A

separates the two cerebral hemispheres

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34
Q

tentorium cerebelli

A

separates cerebrum from cerebellum

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35
Q

falx cerebelli

A

separates left and right halves of the cerebellum

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36
Q

arachnoid mater

A

transparent membrane over the brain surface

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37
Q

the _____ _____ separates the arachnoid mater from the pia mater below it

A

subarachnoid space

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38
Q

the subarachnoid space is filled with _____ _____ and blood vessels

A

cerebrospinal fluid

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39
Q

pia mater

A

very thin membrane, not usually visible without a microscope that is on the surface of the brain/spinal tissue

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40
Q

characteristics of the pia mater (2)

A
  • follows the contours of the brain
  • follows arteries as they penetrate into the cerebrum
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41
Q

meningitis

A

inflammation of the meninges; serious disease of infancy and childhood

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42
Q

what is meningitis caused by?

A

bacterial or viral invasion of the CNS through the nose and throat, mostly affecting the pia and arachnoid mater

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43
Q

what are signs and symptoms of meningitis? (7)

A
  • swelling of the brain
  • enlargement of the ventricles
  • hemorrhage
  • high fever
  • stiff neck
  • drowsiness
  • intense headache
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44
Q

how do they diagnose meningitis?

A

examining the cerebral spinal fluid obtained by lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

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45
Q

ventricles

A

four internal, fluid-filled chambers of the brain

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46
Q

lateral ventricles

A

one in each cerebral hemisphere

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47
Q

third ventricle

A

narrow medial space beneath corpus callosum

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48
Q

fourth ventricle

A

small triangular chamber between pons and cerebellum

49
Q

interventricular foramen

A

pore that connects lateral ventricles to the third ventricle

50
Q

cerebral aqueduct

A

tube running through the midbrain that connects third ventricle to the fourth ventricle

51
Q

central canal

A

tube that connects to the fourth ventricle and runs through the center of the spinal cord

52
Q

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

A

clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles, canals of the CNS and bathes its external surface

53
Q

ependymal cells

A

neuroglia that line ventricles and cover the choroid plexus; produce CSF

54
Q

how does the production of CSF begin?

A

filtration of blood plasma through capillaries of the brain

55
Q

what happens after blood plasma is filtered for CSF?

A

ependymal cells modify the filtrate; compared to plasma, CSF has more sodium and chloride, less potassium, calcium, glucose, and very little protein

56
Q

choroid plexus

A

spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor of each ventricle

57
Q

how is CSF pushed through the CNS?

A

driven by its own pressure, beating of ependymal cilia, and pulsation of the brain produced by each heartbeat

58
Q

CSF path through the ventricles (4)

A
  1. secreted in lateral ventricles
  2. through the intervertebral foramina into the third ventricle
  3. down the cerebral aqueduct into the fourth ventricle
  4. third and fourth ventricles add more CSF along the way
59
Q

all CSF ultimately escapes through _____ pores that lead into the _____ _____ of the brain and spinal cord surface

A

three, subarachnoid space

60
Q

what are the three pore CSF escapes through

A
  • median aperture
  • two lateral apertures
61
Q

CSF is reabsorbed by _____ _____, extensions of the arachnoid meninx

A

arachnoid granulations

62
Q

arachnoid granulations

A

extensions of the arachnoid meninx that protrude through the dura mater into the superior sagittal sinus

63
Q

functions of the CSF: buoyancy

A
  • allows brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight
  • if brain rested on the cranium floor, pressure would kill the nervous tissue
64
Q

functions of the CSF: protection

A
  • protects brain from striking cranium when head is jolted
  • shaken baby syndrome and concussion still occur from severe jolting
65
Q

functions of the CSF: chemical stability

A
  • flow of CNS rinses away metabolic wastes from nervous tissue and homeostatically regulates the chemical environment
66
Q

the brain is supplied with blood by the _____ _____ _____ and _____ _____

A

internal carotid arteries, vertebral arteries

67
Q

brain barrier system (BBS)

A

regulates what substances can get from the bloodstream into the tissue fluid of the brain

68
Q

the brain barrier system is selectively permeable…

A

highly permeable to water, glucose, amd lipid-soluble substances like oxygen, CO2, alcohol, caffein, nicotine, and anesthetics

slightly permeable to sodium, potassium, chloride, wate products like urea, and creatinine

69
Q

two points of entry to the brain must be guarded:

A
  • blood capillaries throughout the brain tissue, guarded by the blood-brain barrier
  • capillaries of the choroid plexus, guarded by the blood-CSF barrier
70
Q

blood-brain barrier

A

protects the brain at the blood capillaries

consists of tight junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls

71
Q

blood-CSF barrier

A

protects the brain at the choroid plexus
formed by tight junctions between ependymal cells

72
Q

stroke (cerebral vascular accident, CVA)

A

sudden death of brain tissue due to interruption of blood supply; second greatest cause of death

73
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

rupture of a cerebral or subarachnoid blood vessel

74
Q

ischemic stroke

A

obstruction of a blood vessel by a blood clot of lipid deposit

75
Q

medulla oblongata

A

adult brain region that develops from embryonic myelencephalon

76
Q

functions of the medulla oblongata (5)

A
  • relays info to/from the brain and spinal cord
  • coordinates complex autonomic reflexes
  • controls visceral functions
  • contains autonomic centers that control heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, and reflexes
  • contains sensory and motor nuclei for cranial nerves
77
Q

pons

A

adult brain region that develops from the embryonic metencephalon

78
Q

characteristics of the pons (4)

A
  1. sensory and motor nuclei of cranial nerves V, VI, VII, and VIII
  2. nuclei involved with respiration
  3. nuclei that process and relay information to and from the cerebellum
  4. ascending, descending, and transverse tracts link nuclei of pons with the opposite cerebellar hemisphere
79
Q

_____ _____ and _____ _____ function to modify respiratory rhythmicity

A

apneustic center, pneumotaxic center

80
Q

the _____ _____ in the pons contains additional nuclei concerned with sleep, respiration, and posture

A

reticular formation

81
Q

midbrain

A

brain region that develops from the embryonic mesencephalon; short segment of the brainstem that connects hindbrain to forebrain

82
Q

midbrain: cerebral aqueduct

A

surrounded by central (periaqueductal) gray substance involved in pain awareness

83
Q

tectum

A

roof-like part of the midbrain posterior to cerebral aqueduct

84
Q

tectum: superior colliculi

A

two; visual attention, tracking moving objects, and visual reflexes

85
Q

tectum: inferior colliculi

A

two; relays signals from inner ear to thalamus and other parts of the brain, auditory reflexes

86
Q

tegmentum

A

connections go to and from the cerebellum for motor control

87
Q

substantia nigra

A

dark nucleus pigmented with melanin; motor center that relays inhibitory signals to thalamus and basal nuclei, suppressing unwanted body movements

88
Q

reticular activating system (RAS)

A

component of the reticular formation in the midbrain important for alertness and attentiveness

89
Q

habituation

A

when the RAS modulates activity in the cerebral cortex so that it ignores repetitive, inconsequential stimuli

90
Q

the reticular formation also has the following functions (2)

A

pain modulation, and sleep and consciousness

91
Q

an injury here can cause an irreversible coma

A

reticular activating system

92
Q

cerebellum

A

largest part of hindbrain; second-largest part of the brain as a whole; contains more than half of all brain neurons

93
Q

granule cells

A

found in cerebellum; most abundant type of neuron in the entire brain

94
Q

purkinje cells

A

large cerebellar neurons: axons project to deep nuclei to synapse with neurons that lead to the brainstem

95
Q

the right and left _____ _____ are connected by a bridge called the _____

A

cerebellar hemispheres, vermis

96
Q

folia

A

superficial cortex of grey matter with folds; cerebellum

97
Q

abor vitae

A

branching white matter of the cerebellum

98
Q

functions of the cerebellum (2)

A
  • motor coordination and locomotor ability
  • sensory, linguistic, emotional, and other non-motor functions
99
Q

ataxia

A

clumsy, awkward gait

100
Q

damage to what portion of the brain can cause ataxia?

A

cerebellum

101
Q

diencephalon had three major components

A
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • epithalamus
102
Q

damage to what portion of the brain causes desynchronization between hemispheres and can lead to epilepsy/seizures?

A

thalamus

103
Q

what does the thalamus do?

A

synchronizes electrical activity between the two cerebral hemispheres

104
Q

thalamus: gateway to the cerebral cortex

A
  • nearly all input to the cerebrum synapses in thalamic nuclei
  • processes information on its way to the cerebral cortex
  • not all info passes along; thalamus screens out most of the info it receives
105
Q

thalamus: key role in motor control

A
  • relays signals from the cerebellum to cerebrum
  • provides feedback loops between cerebral cortex and basal nuclei
106
Q

thalamus: involved in memory and emotion

A

limbic system includes some of the anterior thalamic nuclei

107
Q

hypothalamus

A

forms part of the walls and floor of the third ventricle; extends anteriorly to the optic chiasm and extends posteriorly to mammillary bodies; processes olfactory and other sensory info and controls reflex eating movements

108
Q

the hypothalamus attaches to the _____ _____ through a stalk-like structure called the _____

A

pituitary gland, infundibulum

109
Q

the major control center of autonomic nervous system and endocrine system

A

hypothalamus

110
Q

seven functions of the hypothalamic nuclei

A
  1. hormone secretion
  2. autonomic effects
  3. thermoregulation
  4. food and water intake
  5. sleep and circadian rhythms
  6. memory
  7. emotional behavior and sexual response
111
Q

hypothalamic nuclei: hormone secretion

A
  • controls anterior pituitary, thereby regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, and stress responses
  • produces posterior pituitary hormones for labor contractions, lactation, and water conservation
112
Q

hypothalamic nuclei: autonomic effects

A
  • major integrating center for autonomic nervous system
  • influences heart rate, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretions, mobility, etc.
113
Q

hypothalamic nuclei: thermoregulation

A

hypothalamic thermostat monitors body temperature, activates mechanisms to adjust temperature if necessary

114
Q

hypothalamic nuclei: food and water intake

A
  • regulates hunger and satiety; responds to hormones influencing hunger, energy expenditure, and long term control of body mass
  • osmoreceptors monitor osmolarity of the blood, and can stimulate production of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) to help conserve water
115
Q

hypothalamic nuclei: sleep and circadian rhythms

A

suprachiasmatic nucleus controls 24-hour rhythm

116
Q

hypothalamic nuclei: memory

A

mammillary nuclei relay signals from hippocampus to thalamus

117
Q

hypothalamic nuclei: emotional behavior and sexual response

A

anger, aggression, fear, pleasure, contentment, sexual drive

118
Q

pineal gland

A

an endocrine gland located in the epithalamus; produces/secretes the hormone melatonin which is important in the day/night cycle and reproductive function

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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