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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 6 > Flashcards

Lesson 6 Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant, widely distributed, and variable type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than the matrix

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2
Q

three basic characteristics of connective tissues

A
  1. specialized cells - more than one cell type in each tissue
  2. solid extracellular protein fibers found outside cells
  3. fluid extracellular ground substance - fills space between cells, usually gelatinous; can slow down movement of pathogens infecting the tissue
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3
Q

matrix

A

the extracellular components of the connective tissue

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4
Q

functions of connective tissues (8)

A
  1. movement - bones
  2. storage - fat, calcium
  3. heat production
  4. transport
  5. immune protection
  6. physical protection
  7. support
  8. binding of organs
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5
Q

meenchyme

A
  • first connective tissue in embryos
  • not found in adults, but may adult connective tissues do have mesenchymal stem cells that can undergo differentiation
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6
Q

Wharton’s jelly - mucous connective tissue

A
  • not found in adults
  • loose connective tissue found in many parts of the embryo, including umbilical cord
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7
Q

three general categories o connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. fluid connective tissues
  3. supporting connective tissue
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8
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - fibroblasts

A

produce fibers and ground substance of matrix

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9
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - macrophages

A

arise from monocytes; phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when needed

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10
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - leukocytes

A

white blood cells function in immune defense

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11
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - plasma cells

A

arise from lymphocytes and synthesize antibodies

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12
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - mast cells

A

secrete heparin to inhibit clottings and histamine to dilate blood vessels

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13
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - adipocytes

A

clustered in some fibrous tissues; where they dominate is called adipose tissue

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14
Q

functions of the layers of connective tissue proper (3)

A
  1. provide routes for blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves
  2. provide strength and stability
  3. maintain the position of internal organs
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15
Q

fasciae

A

body’s framework of connective tissue that warp, support, or surround organs

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16
Q

fasciae - superficial fascia/hypodermis

A

provides insulation and padding under the integumentary system (skin)

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17
Q

fasciae - deep fascia

A

resists multidirectional force; wraps organs in capsules, found at the end of muscles as tendons to link bones to ligaments

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18
Q

fasciae - subserous fascia

A

protects body cavity lining when muscles/muscular organs move

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19
Q

adipose tissue

A

tissue in which adipocytes are the dominate cell type

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20
Q

space between adipocytes is occupied by _____, _____, and _____.

A

areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries

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21
Q

how are adipocytes produced?

A

by mitosis of mesenchymal cells around adipose tissue, NOT mitosis of adipocytes

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22
Q

white adipose tissue (white fat)

A

the most abundant and significant type of adipose tissue in adults

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23
Q

white adipose tissue - functions (4)

A
  • provides thermal insulation
  • cushions organs such as eyes and kidneys
  • contributes to body contour
  • secretes hormones that regulate metabolism
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24
Q

brown adipose tissue (brown fat)

A

found mainly in fetuses, infants, and children

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25
Q

brown adipose tissue - functions

A

functions as a heat-generating tissue

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26
Q

where does the color of brown fat come from?

A

blood vessels, mitochondria, and mitochondrial enzymes

27
Q

fluid connective tissue

A

contains fluid ground substance (matrix) that suspends a mixture of cells

28
Q

erythrocytes

A

red blood cells, transport O2 and CO2

29
Q

leukocytes

A

white blood cells, defend against infection and disease
ex. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, etc.

30
Q

platelets

A

cell fragments involved in blood clotting

31
Q

ECF: plasma

A

matrix component of blood

32
Q

ECF: interstitial fluid

A

extracellular fluid surrounding cells

33
Q

ECF: lymph

A

ECF collected from interstitial space surrounding tissue cells; leftover fluid in tissues that was not absorbed back into blood capillaries

34
Q

cartilage

A

stiff connective tissue with flexible, rubbery matrix

35
Q

cartilage - chondroblasts

A

cartilage cells that produce the matrix

36
Q

cartilage - chondrocytes

A

cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)

37
Q

three types of cartilage

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrocartilage
38
Q

antiangiogenesis factor

A

prevents the formation of new blood vessels

39
Q

In cartilage, _____ is used to bring nutrients and remove waste

40
Q

cartilage has a matrix rich in ___, and contains _____ fibers

A

GAG’s (a type of glycoproteins), collagen

41
Q

bone (osseous tissue)

A

a calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton

42
Q

osteoblasts

A

create the calcified matrix of bone

43
Q

osteocytes

A

maintain the calcified matrix created by osteoblasts

44
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

the skin, the largest membrane in the body; composed of the epidermis and the dermis

45
Q

mucous membrane (mucosa)

A

line passages that open to external environment

46
Q

sublayers of mucosa (3)

A
  1. epithelium
  2. lamina propria (areolar tissue)
  3. muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
47
Q

serous membrane (serosa)

A

lines some internal body cavities; simple squamous epithelium resting on a layer of areolar tissue

48
Q

transudate

A

serous fluid that arises from blood

49
Q

synovial membrane

A

line moving, articulating joint cavities; protects the end of bones at these joints

50
Q

synoviocytes

A

cell lining the cavity that produces synovial fluid
(act as a lubricant)

51
Q

synovial membranes lack a true epithelium since epithelial cells…(3)

A
  • develop within connective tissue
  • are not supported by a basement membrane
  • do not form a continuous sheet
52
Q

excitability

A

ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential

53
Q

nervous tissue

A

specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals

54
Q

neurons (nerve cells)

A

detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells

55
Q

nueroglia (glial cells)

A

protect and assist neurons, are the “housekeepers” of nervous system

56
Q

parts of a neuron: cell body

A

houses nucleus and other organelles; controls protein synthesis

57
Q

parts of a neuron: dendrites

A

short, branches processes that receive signals from other cells and transmit messages to the cell body

58
Q

parts of a neuron: axon (nerve fiber)

A

sends outgoing signals to other cells; can be more than a meter long

59
Q

muscular tissue

A

specialized to contract when stimulated, exerting a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids

60
Q

characteristics of skeletal muscle (4)

A
  • long, thin cells, non-mitotic
  • multinucleated
  • striated
  • voluntary
61
Q

characteristics of cardiac muscle (3)

A
  • striated
  • involuntary
  • intercalated discs
62
Q

cardiomyocytes

A

cardiac muscle cells; short and branches with one centrally located nucleus

63
Q

intercalated discs

A

ends of muscle cells to join neighboring cells together

64
Q

characteristics of smooth muscle cells (3)

A
  • short, fusiform-shaped cells
  • mitotic
  • involuntary

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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