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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 6 > Flashcards

Lesson 6 Flashcards

1
Q

connective tissue

A

most abundant, widely distributed, and variable type of tissue in which cells occupy less space than the matrix

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2
Q

three basic characteristics of connective tissues

A
  1. specialized cells - more than one cell type in each tissue
  2. solid extracellular protein fibers found outside cells
  3. fluid extracellular ground substance - fills space between cells, usually gelatinous; can slow down movement of pathogens infecting the tissue
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3
Q

matrix

A

the extracellular components of the connective tissue

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4
Q

functions of connective tissues (8)

A
  1. movement - bones
  2. storage - fat, calcium
  3. heat production
  4. transport
  5. immune protection
  6. physical protection
  7. support
  8. binding of organs
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5
Q

meenchyme

A
  • first connective tissue in embryos
  • not found in adults, but may adult connective tissues do have mesenchymal stem cells that can undergo differentiation
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6
Q

Wharton’s jelly - mucous connective tissue

A
  • not found in adults
  • loose connective tissue found in many parts of the embryo, including umbilical cord
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7
Q

three general categories o connective tissue

A
  1. connective tissue proper
  2. fluid connective tissues
  3. supporting connective tissue
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8
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - fibroblasts

A

produce fibers and ground substance of matrix

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9
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - macrophages

A

arise from monocytes; phagocytize foreign material and activate immune system when needed

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10
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - leukocytes

A

white blood cells function in immune defense

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11
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - plasma cells

A

arise from lymphocytes and synthesize antibodies

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12
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - mast cells

A

secrete heparin to inhibit clottings and histamine to dilate blood vessels

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13
Q

connective tissue proper - fibrous connective tissue - adipocytes

A

clustered in some fibrous tissues; where they dominate is called adipose tissue

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14
Q

functions of the layers of connective tissue proper (3)

A
  1. provide routes for blood/lymphatic vessels and nerves
  2. provide strength and stability
  3. maintain the position of internal organs
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15
Q

fasciae

A

body’s framework of connective tissue that warp, support, or surround organs

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16
Q

fasciae - superficial fascia/hypodermis

A

provides insulation and padding under the integumentary system (skin)

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17
Q

fasciae - deep fascia

A

resists multidirectional force; wraps organs in capsules, found at the end of muscles as tendons to link bones to ligaments

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18
Q

fasciae - subserous fascia

A

protects body cavity lining when muscles/muscular organs move

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19
Q

adipose tissue

A

tissue in which adipocytes are the dominate cell type

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20
Q

space between adipocytes is occupied by _____, _____, and _____.

A

areolar tissue, reticular tissue, and blood capillaries

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21
Q

how are adipocytes produced?

A

by mitosis of mesenchymal cells around adipose tissue, NOT mitosis of adipocytes

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22
Q

white adipose tissue (white fat)

A

the most abundant and significant type of adipose tissue in adults

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23
Q

white adipose tissue - functions (4)

A
  • provides thermal insulation
  • cushions organs such as eyes and kidneys
  • contributes to body contour
  • secretes hormones that regulate metabolism
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24
Q

brown adipose tissue (brown fat)

A

found mainly in fetuses, infants, and children

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25
brown adipose tissue - functions
functions as a heat-generating tissue
26
where does the color of brown fat come from?
blood vessels, mitochondria, and mitochondrial enzymes
27
fluid connective tissue
contains fluid ground substance (matrix) that suspends a mixture of cells
28
erythrocytes
red blood cells, transport O2 and CO2
29
leukocytes
white blood cells, defend against infection and disease ex. neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, etc.
30
platelets
cell fragments involved in blood clotting
31
ECF: plasma
matrix component of blood
32
ECF: interstitial fluid
extracellular fluid surrounding cells
33
ECF: lymph
ECF collected from interstitial space surrounding tissue cells; leftover fluid in tissues that was not absorbed back into blood capillaries
34
cartilage
stiff connective tissue with flexible, rubbery matrix
35
cartilage - chondroblasts
cartilage cells that produce the matrix
36
cartilage - chondrocytes
cartilage cells that are trapped in lacunae (cavities)
37
three types of cartilage
1. hyaline 2. elastic 3. fibrocartilage
38
antiangiogenesis factor
prevents the formation of new blood vessels
39
In cartilage, _____ is used to bring nutrients and remove waste
diffusion
40
cartilage has a matrix rich in ___, and contains _____ fibers
GAG's (a type of glycoproteins), collagen
41
bone (osseous tissue)
a calcified connective tissue that composes the skeleton
42
osteoblasts
create the calcified matrix of bone
43
osteocytes
maintain the calcified matrix created by osteoblasts
44
cutaneous membrane
the skin, the largest membrane in the body; composed of the epidermis and the dermis
45
mucous membrane (mucosa)
line passages that open to external environment
46
sublayers of mucosa (3)
1. epithelium 2. lamina propria (areolar tissue) 3. muscularis mucosa (smooth muscle)
47
serous membrane (serosa)
lines some internal body cavities; simple squamous epithelium resting on a layer of areolar tissue
48
transudate
serous fluid that arises from blood
49
synovial membrane
line moving, articulating joint cavities; protects the end of bones at these joints
50
synoviocytes
cell lining the cavity that produces synovial fluid (act as a lubricant)
51
synovial membranes lack a true epithelium since epithelial cells...(3)
- develop within connective tissue - are not supported by a basement membrane - do not form a continuous sheet
52
excitability
ability to respond to stimuli by changing membrane potential
53
nervous tissue
specialized for communication by electrical and chemical signals
54
neurons (nerve cells)
detect stimuli, respond quickly, and transmit coded information rapidly to other cells
55
nueroglia (glial cells)
protect and assist neurons, are the "housekeepers" of nervous system
56
parts of a neuron: cell body
houses nucleus and other organelles; controls protein synthesis
57
parts of a neuron: dendrites
short, branches processes that receive signals from other cells and transmit messages to the cell body
58
parts of a neuron: axon (nerve fiber)
sends outgoing signals to other cells; can be more than a meter long
59
muscular tissue
specialized to contract when stimulated, exerting a physical force on other tissues, organs, or fluids
60
characteristics of skeletal muscle (4)
- long, thin cells, non-mitotic - multinucleated - striated - voluntary
61
characteristics of cardiac muscle (3)
- striated - involuntary - intercalated discs
62
cardiomyocytes
cardiac muscle cells; short and branches with one centrally located nucleus
63
intercalated discs
ends of muscle cells to join neighboring cells together
64
characteristics of smooth muscle cells (3)
- short, fusiform-shaped cells - mitotic - involuntary

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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