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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 17 > Flashcards

Lesson 17 Flashcards

1
Q

conduction

A

nerve fibers conduct sensory and motor information up and down the spinal cord

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2
Q

neural integration

A

spinal neurons receive input from multiple sources, integrate it, and execute appropriate output

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3
Q

locomotion

A

spinal cord contains central pattern generators; a group of neurons that coordinate repetitive sequences of contractions for walking

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4
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary responses to stimuli that are vital to posture, coordination, and protection

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5
Q

spinal cord

A

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem and the foramen magnum of the skull

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6
Q

spinal segment

A

part of the spinal cord supplied by each pair of spinal nerves

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7
Q

the spinal cord has longitudinal grooves called…

A
  • anterior median fissure
  • posterior median sulcus
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8
Q

the spinal cord is divided into four regions

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions

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9
Q

what areas of the spinal cord are thicker than the rest? (2)

A
  • cervical enlargement
  • lumbosacral enlargement
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10
Q

cervical enlargement

A

around C6, gives rise to the nerves of the upper limb

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11
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

around T11, gives rise to nerves of the pelvic region, and lower limbs

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12
Q

medullary cone (conus medullaris)

A

inferior point of the cord

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13
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5; resembles a horse tail

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14
Q

meninges

A

three fibrous membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord; blood vessels in epidural/subarachnoid space

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15
Q

dura mater (3)

A
  • loose fitting sleeve around the cord
  • tough, thick, membrane composed of dense irregular connective tissue
  • houses the epidural space
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16
Q

epidural space

A

space between the dura and vertebral bones, contains blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue

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17
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • consists of the arachnoid membrane adhering it to the dura and is separated from pia by fibers spanning the subarachnoid space
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18
Q

where is spinal anesthesia injected?

A

the subarachnoid space

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19
Q

where are spinal taps performed?

A

lumbar cistern, usually around L3-4 or L4-5

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20
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, transparent membrane that follows contours of the spinal cord and continues inferiorly as a fibrous terminal filum, to fuse with dura to form the coccygeal ligament

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21
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

extensions of the pia mater that pass through the arachnoid, to the dura, anchoring the cord to stabilize it from lateral movements

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22
Q

gray matter (2)

A

dull in color, contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal portions of axons
- appears as a butterfly shape in a transverse section of the spinal cord

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23
Q

white matter (2)

A

bright, pearly white color due to myelin; axon bundles coursing up and down the cord
- surrounds gray matter

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24
Q

posterior (dorsal) horns

A

receive sensory nerve fibers, contains sensory nuclei, synapse with interneurons in horn

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25
anterior (ventral) horns
contain cell bodies of motor neurons, connects to peripheral effectors
26
lateral horns
present ONLY in segments T2 - L1, associated with sympathetic nervous system; contains visceral motor nuclei
27
left and right sides of the spinal cord are connected by...
gray commissures
28
central canal
center of commissure; allows CSF to pass along the interior of the spinal cord
29
sensory/motor nucleus location within the gray matter determines what?
which body part it controls
30
posterior white column/funiculus
one of three bundles of axons around the gray matter - proprioception, fine touch, ventral pressure, vibrations
31
anterior white column/funiculus
second of three bundles of axons around the gray matter - crude touch, pressure, and somatic motor
32
lateral white column/funiculus
third of three bundles of axons around the gray matter - proprioception and somatic motor
33
each funiculus is divided into... (2)
fasciculi or tracts
34
ascending tracts
carry sensory info up to the brain
35
descending tracts
carry motor info down from the brain
36
decussation
crossing of the midline that occurs in many tracts so that brain senses and controls contralateral side of the body
37
contralateral
when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body
38
ipsilateral
when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body
39
both _____ and _____ _____ _____ cause destruction of motor neurons leading to skeletal muscle atrophy from lack of innervation
poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
40
poliomyelitis
caused by the poliovirus, the virus spreads by fecal contamination of water
41
signs and symptoms of polio
- muscle pain - weakness - loss of some reflexes - followed by paralysis, muscular atrophy, and respiratory arrest
42
how does polio cause damage?
destroys motor neurons in the brainstem and anterior horn of the spinal cord
43
amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
Lou Gehrig disease, ~10% of cases caused by inheritable genetic mutation, rest of the cases are of an unknown cause; causes the destruction of motor neurons and muscular atrophy
44
how does ALS cause damage?
- scarring of lateral regions of the spinal cord - astrocytes fail to reabsorb the neurotransmitter glutamate from the tissue fluid which accumulates to toxic levels
45
early signs of ALS
- muscular weakness - difficulty speaking - difficulty swallowing - difficulty using hands - sensory and intellectual functions remain unaffected
46
nerve
a cord-like organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue - may contain anywhere from a few nerve fibers to a million
47
peripheral nerves
smaller branches of nerves
48
peripheral neuropathy
disorders of these nerves; can be caused by trauma or compression of the nerve which can result in a regional loss of sensory or motor function
49
endoneurium
loose connective tissue external to neurilemma, surrounds each individual axon in the nerve
50
perineurium
layers of overlapping squamous cells that wrap fascicles
51
fascicles
bundles of nerve fibers, blood vessels are located outside the fascicles
52
epineurium
dense irregular connective tissue (collagen) that wraps entire nerve
53
sensory nerves
composed only of afferent fibers; carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS - rare, include nerves for smell and vision
54
motor nerves
composed only of efferent fibers; carry signals from CNS to muscle and glands
55
mixed nerves
consists of both afferent and efferent fibers - most common type
56
based on the organs they innervate, sensory and motor fibers can also be described as....
somatic or visceral general or special
57
ganglion
cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS enveloped in an epineurium continuous with that of the nerve
58
posterior dorsal root
sensory input to the spinal cord
59
posterior dorsal root ganglion
contains the neurosomas of the sensory neurons carrying signals to the spinal cord
60
anterior ventral root
motor output out of the spinal cord - six to eight rootlets leave the spinal cord the converge to form the anterior root
61
anterior ramus
- in thoracic region, each gives rise to an intercostal nerve - in other regions, anterior rami form the nerve plexuses
62
posterior ramus
innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back
63
chickenpox
common disease of early childhood caused by varicella-zoster virus - itchy rash that clears without complications - virus remains for life, kept in check by the immune system
64
shingles
localized disease caused by the virus traveling down the sensory nerves by fast axonal transport when the immune system is compromised
65
cervical plexus
in the neck, C1-C5; supplies neck and phrenic nerves to diaphragm
66
phrenic nerve (C3-C5)
controls the diaphragm
67
what happens when there is damage to the phrenic nerve?
can cause you to stop breathing; other branches of this nerve innervates the skin of the neck and superiore chest
68
brachial plexus
near the shoulder C5-T1, supplies upper limb and some of the shoulder and neck
69
musculocutaneous nerve
flexes the arms, receives sensory info on the lateral surface of the forearmr
70
radial nerve
extensor muscles of the arm and forearm, receives sensory info from posterolateral surface
71
median nerve
flexes the forearm, receives sensory info from the anterolateral hand
72
ulnar nerve
flexes hands, receives sensory info from the medial surface of the hand
73
axillary nerve
deltoid muscle for abduction of the arm
74
lumbar plexus
in lower back, L1-L4, supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genitalia
75
femoral nerve
serves medial and anterior compartment of the leg, part of the lumbar plexus
76
sacral plexus
in the pelvic, L4, L5, and S1-S4; supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb including the sciatic nerve, tibial and fibular nevres
77
fibular nerve
sural nerve formed from the fibular nerve innervates the lateral portion of foot
78
crutch paralysis
nerve passes through the axilla (armpit) and may be compressed when using crutches (radial nerve injury)
79
wrist drop
fingers, hand, and wrist chronically flexed because extensor muscle paralyzed and cannot oppose the flexors (radial nerve injury)
80
sciatica
sharp pain that travels through the gluteal region along the posterior side of the thigh and leg to ankle (sciatic nerve injury)
81
dermatome
a specific area of skin that conveys sensory input to a spinal nerve
82
dermatome map
a diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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