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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 17 > Flashcards

Lesson 17 Flashcards

1
Q

conduction

A

nerve fibers conduct sensory and motor information up and down the spinal cord

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2
Q

neural integration

A

spinal neurons receive input from multiple sources, integrate it, and execute appropriate output

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3
Q

locomotion

A

spinal cord contains central pattern generators; a group of neurons that coordinate repetitive sequences of contractions for walking

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4
Q

reflexes

A

involuntary responses to stimuli that are vital to posture, coordination, and protection

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5
Q

spinal cord

A

cylinder of nervous tissue that arises from the brainstem and the foramen magnum of the skull

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6
Q

spinal segment

A

part of the spinal cord supplied by each pair of spinal nerves

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7
Q

the spinal cord has longitudinal grooves called…

A
  • anterior median fissure
  • posterior median sulcus
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8
Q

the spinal cord is divided into four regions

A

cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions

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9
Q

what areas of the spinal cord are thicker than the rest? (2)

A
  • cervical enlargement
  • lumbosacral enlargement
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10
Q

cervical enlargement

A

around C6, gives rise to the nerves of the upper limb

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11
Q

lumbosacral enlargement

A

around T11, gives rise to nerves of the pelvic region, and lower limbs

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12
Q

medullary cone (conus medullaris)

A

inferior point of the cord

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13
Q

cauda equina

A

bundle of nerve roots that occupy the vertebral canal from L2 to S5; resembles a horse tail

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14
Q

meninges

A

three fibrous membranes that enclose the brain and spinal cord; blood vessels in epidural/subarachnoid space

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15
Q

dura mater (3)

A
  • loose fitting sleeve around the cord
  • tough, thick, membrane composed of dense irregular connective tissue
  • houses the epidural space
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16
Q

epidural space

A

space between the dura and vertebral bones, contains blood vessels, adipose tissue, and loose connective tissue

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17
Q

arachnoid mater

A
  • consists of the arachnoid membrane adhering it to the dura and is separated from pia by fibers spanning the subarachnoid space
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18
Q

where is spinal anesthesia injected?

A

the subarachnoid space

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19
Q

where are spinal taps performed?

A

lumbar cistern, usually around L3-4 or L4-5

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20
Q

pia mater

A

delicate, transparent membrane that follows contours of the spinal cord and continues inferiorly as a fibrous terminal filum, to fuse with dura to form the coccygeal ligament

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21
Q

denticulate ligaments

A

extensions of the pia mater that pass through the arachnoid, to the dura, anchoring the cord to stabilize it from lateral movements

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22
Q

gray matter (2)

A

dull in color, contains neuron cell bodies, dendrites, and proximal portions of axons
- appears as a butterfly shape in a transverse section of the spinal cord

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23
Q

white matter (2)

A

bright, pearly white color due to myelin; axon bundles coursing up and down the cord
- surrounds gray matter

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24
Q

posterior (dorsal) horns

A

receive sensory nerve fibers, contains sensory nuclei, synapse with interneurons in horn

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25
Q

anterior (ventral) horns

A

contain cell bodies of motor neurons, connects to peripheral effectors

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26
Q

lateral horns

A

present ONLY in segments T2 - L1, associated with sympathetic nervous system; contains visceral motor nuclei

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27
Q

left and right sides of the spinal cord are connected by…

A

gray commissures

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28
Q

central canal

A

center of commissure; allows CSF to pass along the interior of the spinal cord

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29
Q

sensory/motor nucleus location within the gray matter determines what?

A

which body part it controls

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30
Q

posterior white column/funiculus

A

one of three bundles of axons around the gray matter
- proprioception, fine touch, ventral pressure, vibrations

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31
Q

anterior white column/funiculus

A

second of three bundles of axons around the gray matter
- crude touch, pressure, and somatic motor

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32
Q

lateral white column/funiculus

A

third of three bundles of axons around the gray matter
- proprioception and somatic motor

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33
Q

each funiculus is divided into… (2)

A

fasciculi or tracts

34
Q

ascending tracts

A

carry sensory info up to the brain

35
Q

descending tracts

A

carry motor info down from the brain

36
Q

decussation

A

crossing of the midline that occurs in many tracts so that brain senses and controls contralateral side of the body

37
Q

contralateral

A

when the origin and destination of a tract are on opposite sides of the body

38
Q

ipsilateral

A

when the origin and destination of a tract are on the same side of the body

39
Q

both _____ and _____ _____ _____ cause destruction of motor neurons leading to skeletal muscle atrophy from lack of innervation

A

poliomyelitis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

40
Q

poliomyelitis

A

caused by the poliovirus, the virus spreads by fecal contamination of water

41
Q

signs and symptoms of polio

A
  • muscle pain
  • weakness
  • loss of some reflexes
  • followed by paralysis, muscular atrophy, and respiratory arrest
42
Q

how does polio cause damage?

A

destroys motor neurons in the brainstem and anterior horn of the spinal cord

43
Q

amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

A

Lou Gehrig disease, ~10% of cases caused by inheritable genetic mutation, rest of the cases are of an unknown cause; causes the destruction of motor neurons and muscular atrophy

44
Q

how does ALS cause damage?

A
  • scarring of lateral regions of the spinal cord
  • astrocytes fail to reabsorb the neurotransmitter glutamate from the tissue fluid which accumulates to toxic levels
45
Q

early signs of ALS

A
  • muscular weakness
  • difficulty speaking
  • difficulty swallowing
  • difficulty using hands
  • sensory and intellectual functions remain unaffected
46
Q

nerve

A

a cord-like organ composed of numerous nerve fibers (axons) bound together by connective tissue
- may contain anywhere from a few nerve fibers to a million

47
Q

peripheral nerves

A

smaller branches of nerves

48
Q

peripheral neuropathy

A

disorders of these nerves; can be caused by trauma or compression of the nerve which can result in a regional loss of sensory or motor function

49
Q

endoneurium

A

loose connective tissue external to neurilemma, surrounds each individual axon in the nerve

50
Q

perineurium

A

layers of overlapping squamous cells that wrap fascicles

51
Q

fascicles

A

bundles of nerve fibers, blood vessels are located outside the fascicles

52
Q

epineurium

A

dense irregular connective tissue (collagen) that wraps entire nerve

53
Q

sensory nerves

A

composed only of afferent fibers; carry signals from sensory receptors to the CNS
- rare, include nerves for smell and vision

54
Q

motor nerves

A

composed only of efferent fibers; carry signals from CNS to muscle and glands

55
Q

mixed nerves

A

consists of both afferent and efferent fibers
- most common type

56
Q

based on the organs they innervate, sensory and motor fibers can also be described as….

A

somatic or visceral
general or special

57
Q

ganglion

A

cluster of nerve cell bodies outside the CNS enveloped in an epineurium continuous with that of the nerve

58
Q

posterior dorsal root

A

sensory input to the spinal cord

59
Q

posterior dorsal root ganglion

A

contains the neurosomas of the sensory neurons carrying signals to the spinal cord

60
Q

anterior ventral root

A

motor output out of the spinal cord
- six to eight rootlets leave the spinal cord the converge to form the anterior root

61
Q

anterior ramus

A
  • in thoracic region, each gives rise to an intercostal nerve
  • in other regions, anterior rami form the nerve plexuses
62
Q

posterior ramus

A

innervates the muscles and joints in that region of the spine and the skin of the back

63
Q

chickenpox

A

common disease of early childhood caused by varicella-zoster virus
- itchy rash that clears without complications
- virus remains for life, kept in check by the immune system

64
Q

shingles

A

localized disease caused by the virus traveling down the sensory nerves by fast axonal transport when the immune system is compromised

65
Q

cervical plexus

A

in the neck, C1-C5; supplies neck and phrenic nerves to diaphragm

66
Q

phrenic nerve (C3-C5)

A

controls the diaphragm

67
Q

what happens when there is damage to the phrenic nerve?

A

can cause you to stop breathing; other branches of this nerve innervates the skin of the neck and superiore chest

68
Q

brachial plexus

A

near the shoulder C5-T1, supplies upper limb and some of the shoulder and neck

69
Q

musculocutaneous nerve

A

flexes the arms, receives sensory info on the lateral surface of the forearmr

70
Q

radial nerve

A

extensor muscles of the arm and forearm, receives sensory info from posterolateral surface

71
Q

median nerve

A

flexes the forearm, receives sensory info from the anterolateral hand

72
Q

ulnar nerve

A

flexes hands, receives sensory info from the medial surface of the hand

73
Q

axillary nerve

A

deltoid muscle for abduction of the arm

74
Q

lumbar plexus

A

in lower back, L1-L4, supplies abdominal wall, anterior thigh, and genitalia

75
Q

femoral nerve

A

serves medial and anterior compartment of the leg, part of the lumbar plexus

76
Q

sacral plexus

A

in the pelvic, L4, L5, and S1-S4; supplies remainder of lower trunk and lower limb including the sciatic nerve, tibial and fibular nevres

77
Q

fibular nerve

A

sural nerve formed from the fibular nerve innervates the lateral portion of foot

78
Q

crutch paralysis

A

nerve passes through the axilla (armpit) and may be compressed when using crutches (radial nerve injury)

79
Q

wrist drop

A

fingers, hand, and wrist chronically flexed because extensor muscle paralyzed and cannot oppose the flexors (radial nerve injury)

80
Q

sciatica

A

sharp pain that travels through the gluteal region along the posterior side of the thigh and leg to ankle (sciatic nerve injury)

81
Q

dermatome

A

a specific area of skin that conveys sensory input to a spinal nerve

82
Q

dermatome map

A

a diagram of the cutaneous regions innervated by each spinal nerve

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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