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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 7 > Flashcards

Lesson 7 Flashcards

1
Q

dematology

A

scientific study and medical treatment of the integumentary system

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2
Q

integumentary system

A

consists of the cutaneous membrane (skin) and accessory structures like hair, nails, and glands

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3
Q

skin consists of two layers: _____ and _____

A

epidermis, dermis

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4
Q

Why does thickness range in the integumentary system?

A

it is mainly due to variation in dermis thickness, but skin is classified as thick or thin based on epidermis layers

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5
Q

_____ covers palms, soles, and corresponding surfaces of fingers and toes

A

thick skin

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6
Q

thick skin has… (3)

A
  • sweat glands
  • but no hair follicles
  • no sebaceous (oil) glands
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7
Q

functions of the skin (5)

A
  1. protection
  2. vitamin D synthesis
  3. sensation
  4. thermoregulation
  5. nonverbal communication
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8
Q

general features of epidermis (3)

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • avascular
  • contains sparse nerve endings for touch and pain
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9
Q

five epidermal cells: keratinocytes

A

synthesize keratin, great majority of epidermal cells

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10
Q

five epidermal cell types: stem cells

A

undifferentiated cells that give rise to keratinocytes in the stratum basale

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11
Q

five epidermal cell types: melanocytes

A

synthesize pigment called melanin that shields DNA from ultraviolet radiation; only in stratum basale but have branches processes that distribute melanina via melanosomes

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12
Q

five epidermal cell types: tactile cells

A

touch receptor cells associated with dermal nerve fibers; in stratum basale

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13
Q

five epidermal cell types: dendritic cells

A

phagocytic immune cells that guard against toxins and microbes; found in stratum spinosum and stratum granulosum

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14
Q

layers of the epidermis: stratum basale

A
  • single layer of stem cells and keratinocytes resting on the basement membrane
  • also contains scattered melanocytes and tactile cells
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15
Q

layers of the epidermis: stratum spinosum

A
  • several layers of living keratinocytes joined by desmosomes and tight junctions
  • named after appearance
  • contains dendritic cells
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16
Q

layers of the epidermis: stratum granulosum

A
  • three to five layers of flat, living keratinocytes that start to dehydrate and die
  • contains dark-staining keratohyalin granules
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17
Q

layers of the epidermis: stratum lucidum

A
  • thin, pale layer only found in thick skin
  • keratinocytes packed with clear protein eleidin
  • cells here lack nucelus/organelles
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18
Q

layers of the epidermis: stratum corneum

A
  • up to 30 layers of dead, scaly, keratinized cells
  • resists abrasion, penetration, and water loss
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19
Q

why do cells that migrate away from the dermis no longer undergo mitosis?

A

there are no blood vessels in the upper levels of the epidermis; no oxygen and nutrients to support cells

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20
Q

over time, keratinocytes flatten, produce more keratin and lipid filled _____ _____

A

lamellar granules

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21
Q

how many days does it take a keratinocyte to reach the skin surface?

A

30-40

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22
Q

epidermal water barrier

A

located in the stratum granulosum; it is formed from lipids from keratinocytes as well as tight junctions between them

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23
Q

functions of the epidermal water barrier

A
  • helps prevent dehydration
  • does not prevent water absorption by the stratum corneum
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24
Q

dermal papillae

A

upward, finger-like extensions of the dermis

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25
Q

epidermal ridges

A

downward waves of epidermis

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26
Q

general features of dermis (3)

A
  • well supplied with blood vessels, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nerve endings
  • elastic and reticular fibers
  • houses hair follicles and nail roots
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27
Q

papillary layer of dermis characteristics (3)

A
  • thin zone of areolar tissue
  • allows for mobility of leukocytes and other defense cells
  • rich in small blood vessels
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28
Q

reticular layer of dermis characteristics

A
  • composed of dense irregular connective tissue
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29
Q

what are stretch marks?

A

tears in the collagen fibers of the reticular layer of the dermis caused by stretching of the skin

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30
Q

how does a blister form between the dermis and epidermis?

A

damaged blood vessels may cause serous fluid to seep out

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31
Q

two types of fibers found in the dermis

A
  1. collagen
  2. elastic
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32
Q

dermis: collagen fibers

A
  • strong, resists stretching but can bend easily
  • provides flexibility
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33
Q

dermis: elastic fibers

A
  • permits stretching when pulled, recoils back to original length
  • provides flexibility and stretching
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34
Q

skin turgor

A

caused by water in the skin; flexibility and resilience, pinched skin stays pinched after release

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35
Q

dermatitis

A

inflammation of the papillary layer; characterized by pain/itchiness and caused by infection, radiation, irritation

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36
Q

decubitus ulcers

A

bedsores caused by problems with dermal circulation

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37
Q

variations in skin and hair color are due primarily to type and amount of _____

A

melanin

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38
Q

where is melanin produced?

A

in melanocytes and stores in melanosomes

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39
Q

eumelanin

A

brown and black eumelanin; responsible for tan, brown, and black skin

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40
Q

pheomelanin

A

responsible for yellowish/reddish undertones of Asians/Native Americans and pinkish tones of white skin

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41
Q

other contributing factors to skin color (3)

A
  • UV radiation stimulates melanin synthesis
  • degree of show-through of dermal vessels and white collagen
  • possible accumulation of carotene
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42
Q

carotene

A

used to produce vitamin A, needed for epithelial maintenance and pigment for photoreceptors for vision

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43
Q

cyanosis

A

blueness due to oxygen deficiency

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44
Q

erythema

A

redness due to increased blood flow to the skin

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45
Q

pallor

A

paleness due to decreased blood flow to the skin

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46
Q

albinism

A

white skin due to genetic lack of melanin

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47
Q

vitiligo

A

loss of skin color in patches due to loss of melanocytes, probably caused by autoimmune reaction to melanocytes

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48
Q

jaundice

A

yellowing due to bilirubin in the blood aka compromised liver funciton

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49
Q

hematoma

A

bruising, blood clotting under the skin

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50
Q

friction ridges

A

formed by dermal papillae; markings on the fingertips that leave prints

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51
Q

flexion lines/creases

A
  • lines on the flexor surfaces of the digits, palms, wrists, and elbows
  • marks sites where skin folds during flexion of joints
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52
Q

freckle

A

flat, melanized patch

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53
Q

mole (nevus)

A

elevated, melanized patch often with hair

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54
Q

hemangiomas (birthmarks)

A

patches of discolored skin caused by benign tumors of dermal capillaries

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55
Q

hypodermis (subcutaneous tissue) (3)

A
  • layer of connective tissue beneath the skin
  • contains more areolar and adipose tissue than dermis
  • common site of drug injection bc of many blood vessels
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56
Q

subcutaneous fat

A

refers to subcutaneous tissue that is composed predominantly of adipose tissue

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57
Q

accessory organs to the skin

A

hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

58
Q

soft keratin

A

makes up stratum corneum of skin

59
Q

hard keratin

A

makes up hair and nails; more compact due to numerous disulfide bridges between keratin molecules

60
Q

hair functions on different regions of the body (6)

A
  1. hair receptors alert us of parasites crawling on skin
  2. hair on trunk and limbs is mostly vestigial
  3. scalp hair retains heat and protects against sunburn
  4. pubic and axillary hair signifies sexual maturity and aid in transmission of sexual scents
  5. guard hairs (vibrissae) guard nostrils and ear canals
  6. eyelashes and eyebrows enhance facial expression and nonverbal communication
61
Q

pilus (pili)

A

hair

62
Q

hair follicle

A

slender filament of keratinized cells growing from a tube in the skin

63
Q

vibrissae

A

guard hairs, located around nostrils and ear canals

64
Q

a hair is also called a _____

A

pilus, plural: pili

65
Q

slender filament of keratinized cells growing from a tube in the skin is called a _____ _____

A

hair follicle

66
Q

Where does hair not cover the body? (6)

A

palmar, plantar, and lateral surfaces and distal segments of fingers and toes; lips, nipples, and parts of the genitals

67
Q

what are the main contributors to differences in hairiness?

A

the texture and pigment of hair

68
Q

three types of hair

A
  • downy
  • vellus
  • terminal
69
Q

downy hair (lanugo)

A

fine, downy, unpigmented hair that appears on the fetus in the last 3 months of development

70
Q

vellus hair (2)

A
  • fine, pale hair that replaces laugo by the time of birth
  • two-thirds of the hair of women, one-tenth of the hair of men, all of the hair on children (except eyebrows, eyelashes, and scalp hair)
71
Q

terminal hair (4)

A
  • longer, coarser, more heavily pigmented
  • eyebrows, eyelashes, and hair of the scalp
  • after puberty, forms axillary and pubic hair
  • male facial hair and some of the hair on trunk and limbs
72
Q

_____ if the portion of hair above the skin surface, _____ is the portion below

A

shaft, root

73
Q

hair matrix

A

mitotically active cells immediately above the papilla; growth center for hair

74
Q

dermal papilla

A

bud of vascular connective tissue, provides nutrition to hair

75
Q

bulb (hair)

A

root ends

76
Q

medulla (hair)

A

core of loosely arranged cells and hair spaces

77
Q

cortex (hair)

A

bulk of the hair, layers of elongated cells

78
Q

cuticle (hair)

A

outermost region consisting of multiple layers of thin, scaly cells that overlap like roof shingles

79
Q

two principle layers of the hair follicle

A
  1. epithelial root sheath
  2. connective tissue root sheath
80
Q

epithelial root sheath

A

extension of the epidermis lying adjacent to the hair root; widens at deep end into a bulge, a source of stem cells for follicle growth

81
Q

connective tissue root sheath

A

derived from dermis but a bit denser; surrounds epithelial root sheath

82
Q

sensory _____ _____ entwine each follicle and respond to hair movements

A

nerve fibers

83
Q

arrector muscle

A

bundle of smooth muscle attaching follicle to dermis; contracts to make hair stand on end

84
Q

piloerection

A

hair standing “on end”

85
Q

brown and black hair is rich in ______

A

eumelanin

86
Q

red hair has high concentrations of _____

A

pheomelanin

87
Q

blonde hair has intermediate amount of _____ and very little _____

A

pheomelanin, eumelanin

88
Q

grey and white hair have little or no _____, and air is present in the _____

A

melanin, medulla

89
Q

cross-sectional shape of hair: straight

A

round

90
Q

cross-sectional shape of hair: wavy

A

oval

91
Q

cross-section shape of hair: curly

A

relatively flat

92
Q

functions of nails (2)

A
  • improve grooming, picking apart food, and other manipulations
  • provide counterforce to enhance sensitivity of fleshy fingertips to small objects
93
Q

what are nails composed of?

A

thin, dead cells packed with hard keratin

94
Q

what layer of skin are nails derived from?

A

the stratum corneum

95
Q

nail plate

A

hard part of the nail; including overhanging free edge, nail body, and nail root

96
Q

free edge of a nail

A

overhanging portion of the nail

97
Q

nail body

A

visibly attached portion of nails

98
Q

nail root

A

the section of your nails under the skin

99
Q

nail fold

A

skin raised around the niail

100
Q

nail groove

A

separates the nail fold from the nail body

101
Q

cuticle (eponychium)

A

narrow zone of dead skin that overhangs proximal end of the nail

102
Q

two types of sweat glands

A

apocrine and eccrine

103
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A
  • ducts lead to nearby hair follicles; produce sweat that is milky and contains fatty acids
104
Q

locations of apocrine sweat glands

A

groin, anal region, axilla, areola, beard in men

105
Q

what do apocrine glands respond to?

A

stress and sexual stimulation; inactive till puberty

106
Q

bromhidrosis

A

disagreeable body odor; usually due to inadequate hygiene

107
Q

eccrine (merocrine) sweat glands

A
  • most numerous
  • simple tubular glands produce watery perspiration that helps skin cool
108
Q

where are eccrine glands especially dense?

A

palms, soles, forehead

109
Q

myoepithelial cells (2)

A
  • found in both apocrine and eccrine glands
  • contract in response to stimulation by sympathetic nervous system and squeeze perspiration up the duct
110
Q

insensible perspiration

A

not noticed; does not produce visible wetness of skin
- lose approx. 500ml/day

111
Q

cutaneous transpiration

A

water loss from skin not due to sweating; water diffused between the keratinocytes and evaporates from the skin surface

112
Q

disphoresis

A

sensible perspiration; sweating with wetness of skin in response to heat, exercise, and circulatory shock
- 1 L or more per hour may be lost during exercise

113
Q

_____ _____ produce oily secretion called _____

A

sebaceous glands, sebum

114
Q

what mode of secretion do sebaceous glands follow?

A

holocrine

115
Q

ceruminous glands

A

modified apocrine glands found only in the external ear canal
- coiled simple tubular glands
- produce cerumen aka earwax

116
Q

cerumen functions (4)

A

earwax
- waterproofs the canal
- keeps eardrum pliable
- kills bacteria
- makes guard hairs sticky to help block foreign particles

117
Q

mammary glands

A

milk-prodicing glands that develop in females during pregnancy and lactation

118
Q

mammary glands are modified _____ glands

A

apocrine

119
Q

mammary ridges/milk lines

A

two rows of mammary glands in most mammals

120
Q

polythelia

A

when people have additional mammary glands/nipples

121
Q

skin cancer is caused by exposure to _____

A

UV rays

122
Q

where does skin cancer occur the most?

A

head, neck, and hands

123
Q

who is skin cancer most common in?

A

fair-skinned people and the elderly

124
Q

three types of skin cancer

A
  1. basal cell carcinoma
  2. squamous cell carcinoma
  3. malignant melanoma
125
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A
  • most common
  • least dangerous because it seldom metastasizes
126
Q

what do basal cell carcinomas form from?

A

stratum basale

127
Q

what do basal cell carcinomas look like?

A

small, shiny bump with central depression and beaded edges

128
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • chance of recovery is good with early detection and removal
  • tends to metastasize to lymph nodes and may become leathal
129
Q

what do squamous cell carcinomas form from?

A

arises from keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum

130
Q

where do squamous cell carcinomas generally form?

A

scalp, ears, lower lip, or the back of the hand

131
Q

what do squamous cell carcinomas look like?

A

raised, reddened, scaly appearance; later forming a concave ulcer

132
Q

melanoma

A
  • less than 5% of skin cancers
  • can be successfully removed if caught early, but usually fatal if metastasizes
133
Q

who do melanomas occur in most often?

A

men, redheads, people who had severe sunburn as a child

134
Q

what do melanomas derive from?

A

melanocytes

135
Q

first-degree burn (3)

A
  • only involves the epidermis
  • redness, slight edema, pain
  • heals in days
136
Q

second-degree burn (4)

A

partial-thickness burn
- involves part of the dermis
- may appear red, tan, or white
- blistered and painful
- two weeks to several months to heal, may leave scars

137
Q

third-degree burns (3)

A
  • involves all of the dermis and often some deeper tissues
  • often requires skin grafts
  • needs fluid replacement, infection control, and supplemental nutrition
138
Q

autograft

A

tissue from another location on the same person’s body

139
Q

allograft

A

tissue from an unrelated person, usually deceased donors

140
Q

artificial and lab-based approaches for third-degree burns are in progress with epidermal growth factor that: (4)

A
  • promotes division of germinative cells
  • accelerated keratin production
  • stimulates epidermal repair
  • stimulates glandular secretions

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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