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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 1 > Flashcards

Lesson 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy

A

study of structure

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2
Q

physiology

A

study of function

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3
Q

What is the Terminologica Anatomica?

A

standardized anatomical vocabulary by using the same terms so everyone can discuss anatomy

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4
Q

ways to examine the human body: inspection

A

looking at the appearance

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5
Q

ways to examine the human body: palpation

A

feeling the structure with your hands

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6
Q

ways to examine the human body: auscultation

A

listening to the sounds produced by the body

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7
Q

ways to examine the human body: percussion

A

tapping on the body, feeling for resistance, and listening to the emitted sounds for abnormalities

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8
Q

ways to examine the human body: dissection

A

cutting and separating human body tissue to real tissue relationships
- uses a cadaver

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9
Q

ways to examine the human body: comparative anatomy

A

studying multiple species to learn about form, function, and evolution

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10
Q

ways to examine the human body: exploratory surgery

A

opening the living body to see what is wrong
- now replaced by medical imaging to view inside the body

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11
Q

ways to examine the human body: radiology

A

branch of medicine specializing in imaging

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12
Q

gross anatomy

A

the structures visible with the naked eye

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13
Q

gross anatomy: surface

A

exterior features

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14
Q

gross anatomy: regional

A

body areas

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15
Q

gross anatomy: systemic

A

organ systems

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16
Q

gross anatomy: clinical

A

medical specialities
- ex. pathological, radiographic

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17
Q

gross anatomy: developmental

A

from conception to death
- embryology

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18
Q

microscopic anatomy

A

requires the use of a microscope

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19
Q

cytology

A

study of the structure and function of cells

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20
Q

histology

A

examination of tissues with microscopes

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21
Q

histopathology

A

microscopic examination of tissues for signs of disease

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22
Q

neurophysiology

A

physiology of the nervous system

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23
Q

endocrinology

A

physiology of hormones

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24
Q

systemic physiology

A

functions of an organ system

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25
Q

pathophysiology

A

mechanisms of a disease

26
Q

comparative physiology

A

study pf different species to learn about body functions

27
Q

hierarchy of complexity

A

organisms are composed of organ systems
organ systems are composed of organs
organs are composed of tissues
tissues are composed of cells
cells are composed of organelles
organelles are composed of molecules
molecules are composed of atoms

28
Q

situs inversus

A

left/right inversion of organ placement

29
Q

male reference

A

22 years old
light physical activity
2800 kcal/day
154 lbs

30
Q

female reference

A

22 years old
light physical activity
2000 kcal/day
128 lbs

31
Q

Claude Bernard

A

noted fairly constant internal conditions despite changing external factprs

32
Q

Walter Cannon

A

coined the term homeostasis

33
Q

vasodilation

A

blood vessels dilate, or open

34
Q

vasoconstriction

A

blood vessels constrict, or close

35
Q

Negative Feedback Loop: Homeostasis of Blood Pressure

A

Baroreflex
1. getting up from bed, blood drains from the head and blood pressure falls in that region
2. this change is detected by baroreceptors that transmit signals to the cardiac center of the brainstem
3. the cardiac center transmits signals to the heart to increase heart rate, raising blood pressure and restoring homeostasis

36
Q

three common components of a feedback loop

A

receptor, integrating center, and effector

37
Q

receptor

A

structure that senses changes in the body

38
Q

integrating center

A

control center that processes the sensory information, ‘makes a decision’, and directs the response

39
Q

effector

A

cell or organ that carries out the final corrective action to restore homeostasis

40
Q

Positive Feedback Loop: Childbirth

A
  1. head of the fetus pushes against the cervix
  2. nerve impulses from the cervix are transmitted to the brain
  3. brain stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete oxytocin
  4. oxytocin stimulates uterine contractions and pushes the fetus towards the cervix
41
Q

eponyms

A

structures named after people
- we don’t use these anymore

42
Q

three main portions of a term

A
  1. root
  2. combining vowels
  3. prefix and/or suffix
43
Q

radiography

A

xrays
- over half of all medical imaging
- radiopaque substances can be ingested/injected to show hollow structures
- digital subtraction angiography (DSA) is useful for showing blockages and bloodlfow

44
Q

computed tomography - CT scan

A
  • formerly a CAT scan
  • low intensity x-rays and computer analysis
  • slicetype images
  • increased image sharpness
45
Q

magnetic resonance imaging - MRI

A
  • no xrays
  • superior image quality
  • functional MRI can show changes in real time
46
Q

positron emission tomography - PET scan

A
  • assesses metabolic state of tissue
  • inject radioactively labeled glucose
  • image color shows tissues using the most glucose in that moment
  • damaged tissues appear dark
47
Q

sonography

A

sound
- oldest and second most widely used
- high frequency sound waves echo back from internal organs
- avoids xrays
- image not very sharp

48
Q

correct anatomical position

A

standing upright
facing towards you
arms down
palms facing you

49
Q

supine

A

supine for situps
- body is laying flat with stomach and face superior

50
Q

superior

A

up

51
Q

prone

A

prone for pushups
- body is laying flat with stomach and face inferior

52
Q

inferior

A

down

53
Q

three anatomical planes: frontal (coronal)

A

divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

54
Q

three anatomical planes: saggital

A

divides the body into left and right regions

55
Q

midsagittal plane

A

the sagittal plane that is directly in the middle of the body

56
Q

parasagittal plane

A

the sagittal plane that is offset from the middle of the body

57
Q

three anatomical planes: transverse

A

divides the body into superior and inferior portions

58
Q

four main abdominal quadrents

A
  • left upper quadrant
  • left lower quadrant
  • right upper quadrant
  • right lower quadrant
59
Q

nine abdominal regions

A
  • right hypochondriac
  • right lumbar
  • right inguinal
  • epigastric
  • umbilical
  • hypogastric
  • left hypochondriac
  • left humbar
  • left inguinal
60
Q
A

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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