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Anatomy and Physiology I > Lesson 19 > Flashcards

Lesson 19 Flashcards

1
Q

somatic nervous system (3)

A
  • operates under conscious control
  • controls skeletal muscles
  • seldom affect long term survival
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2
Q

autonomic nervous system (4)

A
  • visceral motor system
  • operates without conscious instructions
  • controls things like cardiac/smooth muscles, glands, adipocytes
  • coordinates organ systems
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3
Q

primary target organs of the autonomic nervous system (2)

A
  1. viscera of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
  2. structures of the body wall like cutaneous blood vessels, sweat glands, arrector muscles
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4
Q

what happens when you sever the ANS nerves to organs?

A

it results in an exaggerated response; denervation hypersensitivity

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5
Q

visceral reflexes

A

unconscious, automatic, stereotyped responses to stimulation involving visceral receptors and effectors that is controlled by the autonomic nervous system

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6
Q

visceral reflex arc

A
  1. receptors
  2. afferent neuron
  3. integrating center
  4. efferent neurons
  5. effectors
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7
Q

sympathetic division of the ANS

A

prepares body for physical activity like exercise, trauma, arousal, etc.; fight or flight

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8
Q

parasympathetic division of the ANS

A

calms many body functions, reducing energy expenditure and assists in bodily maintenance; resting and digesting state

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9
Q

autonomic tone

A

normal background rate of activity that represents balance of the two systems according to the body’s needs

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10
Q

the ANS has components in both the central and peripheral nervous system (3)

A
  • control nuclei in the hypothalamus and other brainstem regions
  • motor neurons can be located in the spinal cord and peripheral ganglia
  • nerve fibers that travel through
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11
Q

in a somatic pathway…

a neuron does what?

A

a motor neuron from the brainstem or spinal cord issues a myelinated axon that reaches all the way to skeletal muscle

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12
Q

in an autonomic pathway…

where must a signal travel?

A

a signal must travel across two neurons to get to the target organ, and cross a synapse where these two neurons meet in an autonomic ganglion

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13
Q

preganglionic fiber

A

cell body in the brainstem or spinal cord; its axon that extends to the autonomic ganglion

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14
Q

what is the neurotransmitter of the presynaptic neuron? (preganglionic fiber)

A

ACh; acetylcholine

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15
Q

what is the neurotransmitter of the postsynaptic neuron? (postganglionic fiber)

A

ACh or NE; acetylcholine or norepinephrine

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16
Q

anatomy of the sympathetic division (2)

A
  • pathways arise from thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord; aka the thoracolumbar division
  • relatively short preganglionic and long postganglionic fibers
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17
Q

sympathetic division general pathway (4)

A
  • cell bodies of preganglionic neurons in lateral horns and nearby regions of spinal grey matter; fibers exit the cord via spinal nerves T1 to L2
  • lead to nearby sympathetic chain of ganglia
  • usually 3 cervical, 11 thoracic, 4 lumbar, and 4 sacral, and 1 coccygeal
  • sympathetic fibers are in every level of the body
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18
Q

paravertebral ganglia

A

a series of longitudinal ganglia adjacent to both sides of the vertebral column from cervical to coccygeal levels

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19
Q

where are preganglionic neurons located in the sympathetic division?

A

T1 to L2 of the spinal cord

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20
Q

where are the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons located?

A

the lateral gray horns of the spinal cord

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21
Q

axons leave the _____ _____ and enter the _____ _____ of segments before terminating on _____ neurons

A

spinal cord, central roots, ganglionic

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22
Q

Typically, the axon of the _____ neuron is short and the axon of the _____ neuron is long

A

preganglionic, postganglionic

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23
Q

seven responses to increased sympathetic activity

A
  1. heightened mental alertness
  2. increased metabolic rate
  3. reduced digestive and urinary function
  4. energy reserves activated
  5. increased respiratory rate and respiratory passageway dilate
  6. increased heart rate and blood pressure
  7. sweat glands activated
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24
Q

the ganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located in three possible areas:

A
  1. sympathetic chain ganglia
  2. collateral ganglia
  3. adrenal medullae
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25
Q

sympathetic chain ganglia (2)

A
  • on both sides of the vertebral column
  • control effectors in the body wall, thoracic cavity, head, and limbs
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26
Q

collateral ganglia (3)

A
  • anterior to vertebral bodies
  • contain ganglionic neurons that innervate tissues and organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
  • preganglionic axons that synapse here are from the motor neurons in the CNS
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27
Q

adrenal medullae (3)

A
  • very short axons (are endocrine cells); innervated by axons from the CNS that travel through the sympathetic chain and collateral ganglia
  • when stimulated, release neurotransmitters into BLOODSTREAM (ACh and NE)
  • function as hormones to affect target cells throughout body
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28
Q

adrenal (suprarenal) glands

A

paired glands located on superior poles of kidneys; each is two glands with different functions

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29
Q

adrenal cortex

A

outer later, secretes steroid hormones

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30
Q

adrenal medulla

of the adrenal glands

A

inner core; essentially a sympathetic ganglion

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31
Q

stimulation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons (2)

A
  • release ACh at synapses with ganglionic neurons
  • always excitatory on ganglionic neurons
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32
Q

stimulation of sympathetic ganglionic neurons

does what?

A

release neurotransmitters from the postganglionic axons at specific target organs; mostly NE but some release ACh

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33
Q

ganglionic neurons - axon terminals (2)

A
  • from branching networks of telodendria instead of synaptic terminals
  • telodendria form sympathetic varicosities (resemble pearls)
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34
Q

varicosities mostly release what neurotransmitter?

A

norepinephrine; adrenergic neuron
- some release ACh and are cholinergic

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35
Q

where are ganglionic cholinergic neurons located? (4)

A

body wall, skin, brain, and skeletal muscle

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36
Q

sympathetic activation

A

activates the entire sympathetic division during a crisis

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37
Q

how does sympathetic activation change activities of tissues? (4)

A
  • distributes NE at peripheral synapses
  • targets specific effectors
  • distributing E and NE throughout body in bloodstream
  • also alterns CNS activity
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38
Q

what is sympathetic activation controlled by?

A

centers in the hypothalamus

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39
Q

stimulating what causes increased alertness during sympathetic activation?

A

reticular activating system

40
Q

stimulating what areas causes changes in breathing during sympathetic activation?

A

pons and medulla

41
Q

in the parasympathetic pathways, the preganglionic fibers are _____ and the postganglionic are _____

A

long, short

42
Q

preganglionic fibers in the parasympathetic pathways travel through cranial or sacral nerves, and end in ______ _____ in or near the target

A

terminal ganglia

43
Q

what cranial nerves control visceral structures in the head? (3)

A

III - oculomotor
VII - facial
IX - glossopharyngeal

44
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the brain as part of these cranial nerves (4)

A

III - oculomotor
VII - facial
IX - glossopharyngeal
X - vagus (75% of parasympathetic outflow)

45
Q

parasympathetic preganglionic fibers leave the spinal cord as _____ nerves

A

pelvic

46
Q

the _____ nerve innervates structures in the neck, thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

A

vagus

47
Q

all neuromuscular and neuroglandular junctions release what as a neurotransmitter?

A

acetylcholine

48
Q

five responses to increased parasympathetic activity

A
  1. decreased metabolic rate
  2. decreased heart rate and blood pressure
  3. increased secretion by salivary and digestive glands
  4. increased motility (movement of material in the digestive tract) and blood flow in the digestive tract
  5. urinary and defecation stimulation
49
Q

enteric plexus

A

the nervous network of the digestive tract
- aka enteric nervous system

50
Q

where does the enteric nervous system arise from?

A

not the brainstem or spinal cord lol idk

51
Q

what does the enteric nervous system innervate? (2)

A
  • smooth muscle
  • glands
52
Q

what does the enteric nervous system regulate?

A
  • esophagus
  • stomach
  • intestines
  • secretion of digestive enzymes and acids
53
Q

acetylcholine (ACh)

A

secreted by all preganglionic neurons in both divisions and by postganglionic parasympathetic neurons

54
Q

cholinergic neurons

A

neurons that secrete ACh

55
Q

cholinergic receptor

A

any receptor that binds ACh

56
Q

muscarinic receptors

A

found on cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and gland cells with cholinergic innervation

57
Q

nicotinic receptors

A

found on postganglionic neuron cell bodies in autonomic ganglia; on cells of adrenal medulla; and neuromuscular junction of skeletal muscle fibers

58
Q

nicotine (2)

A
  • binds to nicotine receptors in sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglion cells
  • targets autonomic ganglia and skeletal neuromuscular junctions
59
Q

signs and symptoms of nicotine poisoning (7)

A
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • high blood pressure
  • rapid heart rate
  • sweating
  • profuse salivation
  • convulsions
60
Q

muscarine

A

toxin produced from some poisonous mushrooms

61
Q

what does muscarine target?

A

parasympathetic neuromuscular or neuroglandular junctions

62
Q

signs and symptoms of muscarine poisoning (7)

A
  • salivation
  • nausea
  • vomiting
  • diarrhea
  • constriction of respiratory passages
  • low blood pressure
  • slow heart rate
63
Q

norepinephrine

A

secreted by nearly all sympathetic postganglionic neurons

64
Q

adrenergic fibers

A

nerve fibers that secrete NE

65
Q

adrenergic receptors

A

receptors for NE

66
Q

alpha-adrenergic receptors (2)

A
  • usually excitatory
  • two subclasses use different second messengers
67
Q

beta-adrenergic receptors

A
  • usually inhibitory
  • two subclasses with different effects, but both act through cAMP as a second messenger
68
Q

alpha-1 adrenergic messenger (3)

A

more common type
- releases intracellular calcium ions from reserves in ER
- has excitatory effect on target cells ie. causes constriction of smooth muscle blood vessels at digestive and urinary tract

69
Q

alpha-2 adrenergic messenger (3)

A
  • lowers cAMP levels in cytoplasm
  • has inhibitory effect on the cell
  • helps coordinate sympathetic and parasympathetic activities
70
Q

beta receptors (4)

A
  • affect membranes in many organs (skeletal muscle, lungs, heart, liver)
  • triggers metabolic changes in target cells
  • stimulation increase intracellular cAMP levels
  • binding of NE/E causes opposite effect on cAMP compares to alpha-2 receptors
71
Q

three main types of beta receptors

A

beta-1, beta-2, and beta-3

72
Q

beta-1 receptors (2)

A
  • increases metabolic activity
  • increase activity of skeletal and cardiac muscle
73
Q

beta-2 receptors

A
  • triggers relaxation of smooth muscles along respiratory tract
  • increases diameter of air passages
74
Q

beta-3 receptors (2)

A
  • leads to lipolysis, the breakdown of triglycerides in adipocytes
  • releases nutrients into bloodstream
75
Q

cholinergic sympathetic terminals (2)

A
  • innervates sweat glands of skin and blood vessels of skeletal muscles and brain
  • stimulate sweat gland secretion and dilate blood vessels to skeletal muscles and brain
76
Q

autonomic effects on glandular secretions (2)

A
  • increased blood flow, increased secretion
  • decreased blood flow, decreased secretion
77
Q

sympathetic effects tend to last longer than parasympathetic effects (2)

NE breakdown vs. ACh breakdown

A
  • NE released by sympathetic fibers can be reabsorbed by axon terminal, diffuse to adjacent tissues, or pass into bloodstream
  • ACh from parasympathetic fibers broke down quickly at the synapse
78
Q

some ANS fibers release other neurotransmitters in addition to ACh or NE

A

enkephalin, substance P, neuropeptide Y, somatostatin, neurotensin, etc.

79
Q

dual innervation

A

most viscera receive nerve fibers from both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions

80
Q

antagonistic effects (3)

A

oppose each other
- can be exerted through dual innervation of same effector cells
- can be exerted because each division innervates different cells

81
Q

cooperative effects (2)

A

two divisions act on different effectors to produce a unified overall effect
- even when both divisions innervate a single organ, innervation is not always equal or exert equal influence

82
Q

dual innervation _____ always necessary for ANS to produce opposite effects in an organ

A

NOT

83
Q

what receptors receive only sympathetic fibers (4)

A
  • adrenal medulla
  • arrector muscles
  • sweat glands
  • many blood vessels
84
Q

vasomotor tone

A

vessels in a continual state of partial constriction

85
Q

blood vessels and sweat glands are _____ dual innervated

A

not, only innervated by the sympathetic division

86
Q

cerebral cortex and limbic system - ANS

A

emotions influence the ANS because of the connections between our limbic system and they hypothalamus

87
Q

hypothalamus - ANS

A

contains nuclei for primitive functions; hunger, thirst, sex

88
Q

midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata - ANS

A

contain nuclei for cardiac and vasomotor control, salivation, swallowing, sweating, bladder control, and pupillary changes

89
Q

spinal cord - ANS

A

reflexes for defecation and micturition

90
Q

neuropharmacology

A

study of effects of drugs on the nervous system

91
Q

sympathomimetics (3)

A

enhance sympathetic activity
- stimulate receptors or increase norepinephrine
- cold medicines that dilate the bronchioles or constrict nasal blood vessels

92
Q

sympatholytics suppress sympathetic activity (2)

A
  • block receptors or inhibit norepinephrine
  • beta blockers reduce high BP interfering with the effects of epinephrine and norepinephrine on heart and blood vessels
93
Q

parasympathomimetics

A

enhance parasympathetic effects

94
Q

parasympatholytics

A

suppress parasympathetic effects

95
Q

Prozac

A

SSRI, blocks reuptake of serotonin to prolong its mood-elevating effect

96
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

block enzyme monoamine oxidase to slow the breakdown of monoamine neurotransmitters
- aids in treating depression

97
Q

caffeine

A

competes with adenosine (the presence of which causes sleepiness) by binding to its receptors

Anatomy and Physiology I (22 decks)

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