Lesson 6

Question 1

3 principles of sensorimotor function

Answer 1

• hierarchically organized
• guided by sensory input.
• learning can change the nature and the locus of sensorimotor control.

Question 2

company president (highest levels)

Answer 2

association cortex

Question 3

company workers (lowest levels)

Answer 3

muscles

Question 4

The tendency to be composed of different units

Answer 4

functional segregation

Question 5

Similarity of Sensory and Sensorimotor Systems

Answer 5

Both have a parallel, functionally segregated, hierarchical system

Question 7

Information flows down through the hierarchy

Answer 7

sensorimotor system

Question 8

Information flows up through the hierarchy

Answer 8

sensory system

Question 9

monitored responses of the body to stimuli that are fed back into the sensorimotor circuits

Answer 9

sensory feedback

Question 10

importance of sensory feedback

Answer 10

directs the continuation of the responses that produced the feedback

Question 11

Brief, all-or-none, high-speed movements that are not normally influenced by sensory feedback

Answer 11

ballistic movements

Question 12

initial stages of motor learning

Answer 12

Each individual response is performed under conscious control

Question 13

examples of acquired sensorimotor skills

Answer 13

• typing
• swimming
• knitting
• basketball playing
• dancing
• piano playing

Question 14

At the top of the sensorimotor hierarchy

Answer 14

association cortex

Question 15

2 major areas of association cortex

Answer 15

• posterior parietal association cortex
• dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

Question 16

plays an important role in:
1. integrating these two kinds of information
2. directing behavior by providing spatial information
3. directing attention

Answer 16

posterior parietal association cortex

Question 17

posterior parietal association cortex is classified as association cortex since it receives input from more than one sensory system such as:

Answer 17

• visual system
• auditory system
• somatosensory system

Question 18

A small area of prefrontal cortex that controls both eye movements and shifts in attention

Answer 18

frontal eye field

Question 19

a disorder of voluntary movement that is not attributable to a simple motor deficit/to any deficit in comprehension or motivation

Answer 19

apraxia

Question 20

involves a deficit in attention paid to one side of the visual field, usually the side that is contralateral/opposite to the damage

Answer 20

contralateral neglect

Question 21

contralateral neglect affects the ____ region while apraxia affects the _____ region

Answer 21

• right
• left

Question 22

unable to perform tasks or movements when asked but can readily perform under natural conditions (or when they are not thinking about what they are doing)

Answer 22

apraxia

Question 23

often behave as if their world’s left side does not exist; often fail to recognize that they have a problem

Answer 23

contralateral neglect

Question 24

2 contralateral neglects

Answer 24

• egocentric left
• object-based contralateral neglect

Question 25

Failure to respond to the left side of objects (e.g., the left hand of the statue) even when the objects are presented horizontally or upside down

Answer 25

object-based contralateral neglect

Question 26

deficits in responding occur for stimuli to the left of their own bodies,

Answer 26

egocentric left

Question 27

sends projections to areas of secondary motor cortex, to primary motor cortex, and to the frontal eye field

Answer 27

dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

Question 28

dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex receives projections from the ______

Answer 28

posterior parietal cortex

Question 29

receives much of their input from association cortex (PPAC & DPAC)

Answer 29

secondary motor cortex

Question 30

secondary motor cortex sends much of their output to ____-

Answer 30

primary motor cortex

Question 31

2 areas of secondary motor cortex

Answer 31

- supplementary motor area - premotor cortex

Question 32

selects and plans complex movements involving both sides of the body based on internal cues, such as thoughts or memory

Answer 32

supplementary motor area

Question 33

process which typically elicits complex movements, often involving both sides of the body

Answer 33

electrical stimulation

Question 34

anticipates and plans movements based on external sensory cues, such as responses to events that are seen or heard

Answer 34

premotor cortex

Question 35

neurons that fire when an individual performs a particular goal-directed movement or when they observe the same goal directed movement performed by another

Answer 35

mirror neurons

Question 36

major point of convergence of cortical sensorimotor signals

Answer 36

primary motor cortex

Question 37

primary motor cortex directs _____ and executes the plans of the _______

Answer 37

- control of movements - prefrontal cortex

Question 38

primary motor cortex receives information from

Answer 38

- premotor cortex - supplementary motor cortex - somatosensory cortex

Question 39

somatotopic map of the human primary motor cortex

Answer 39

motor homunculus

Question 40

- tactile recognition - perception of material qualities of an object by handling or lifting it

Answer 40

stereognosis

Question 41

interact with different levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy; coordinate and modulate its activities

Answer 41

cerebellum and basal ganglia

Question 42

important for habit formation, timing, attention, and coordination of movements

Answer 42

cerebellum

Question 43

plays an important role in learning from one’s errors and in the prediction of errors.

Answer 43

cerebellar function

Question 44

a complex heterogenous collection of interconnected nuclei

Answer 44

basal ganglia

Question 45

influences motor cortex via a pathway through the thalamus

Answer 45

function of basal ganglia

Question 46

the control of the speed and amplitude of movement based on motivational factors

Answer 46

movement vigor

Question 47

_____ different pathways carry neural information from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord's motor neurons

Answer 47

4

Question 48

2 (kinds of) pathways

Answer 48

- dorsolateral motor pathways - ventromedial motor pathways

Question 49

smallest units of motor activity

Answer 49

motor units

Question 50

comprises hundreds of thousands of threadlike muscle fibers bound together in a tough membrane and attached to a bone by a tendon

Answer 50

skeletal muscle

Question 51

released by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions, activates the motor endplate on each muscle fiber and causes the fiber to contract

Answer 51

acetylcholine

Question 52

motor neurons that innervate the fibers of a single muscle

Answer 52

motor pool

Question 53

2 basic types of skeletal muscle fibers

Answer 53

- fast muscle fibers - slow muscle fibers

Question 54

contract and relax quickly; fatigue quickly because they are poorly vascularized

Answer 54

fast muscle fibers

Question 55

capable of more sustained contraction because they are more richly vascularized

Answer 55

slow muscle fibers

Question 56

2 categories of skeletal muscles

Answer 56

- flexators - extensors

Question 57

act to bend or flex a joint

Answer 57

flexators

Question 58

act to straighten or extend

Answer 58

extensors

Question 59

any two muscles whose contraction produces the same movement, be it flexion or extension

Answer 59

synergistic muscles

Question 60

those that act in opposition (Ex: biceps and the triceps)

Answer 60

antagonistic muscles

Question 61

2 types of muscle contraction

Answer 61

- isometric contraction - dynamic contraction

Question 62

a muscle contraction without a motion

Answer 62

isometric contraction

Question 63

muscle contraction with a fixed amount of weight

Answer 63

dynamic contraction

Question 64

2 types of receptors

Answer 64

- golgi tendon organs - muscle spindles

Question 65

embedded in the tendons

Answer 65

golgi tendon organs

Question 66

embedded in the muscle tissue itself

Answer 66

muscle spindles

Question 67

a reflex elicited by a sudden external stretching force on a muscle

Answer 67

stretch reflexes

Question 68

patella =

Answer 68

knee

Question 69

occurs when abrupt change arises in muscle length

Answer 69

patellar tendon reflex

Question 70

an automatic response enacted to withdraw a limb from a painful stimulus

Answer 70

withdrawal reflexes

Question 71

refers to the fact that antagonistic muscles are innervated in a way that permits a smooth, unimpeded motor response

Answer 71

reciprocal innervation

Question 72

simultaneous activation of muscles on opposite sides of a joint

Answer 72

co-contraction

Question 73

a negative feedback system that prevents rapid, repeated firing of the same motor neuron.

Answer 73

recurrent collateral inhibition

Question 74

characteristics of central sensorimotor programs

Answer 74

- central sensorimotor programs are capable of motor equivalence - sensory information that controls central sensorimotor programs is not necessarily conscious - central sensorimotor programs can develop without practice - practice can create central sensorimotor programs