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Physio Psych > Lesson 6 > Flashcards

Lesson 6 Flashcards

1
Q

3 principles of sensorimotor function

A
  • hierarchically organized
  • guided by sensory input.
  • learning can change the nature and the locus of sensorimotor control.
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2
Q

company president (highest levels)

A

association cortex

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3
Q

company workers (lowest levels)

A

muscles

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4
Q

The tendency to be composed of different units

A

functional segregation

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5
Q

Similarity of Sensory and Sensorimotor Systems

A

Both have a parallel, functionally segregated, hierarchical system

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6
Q
A
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7
Q

Information flows down through the hierarchy

A

sensorimotor system

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8
Q

Information flows up through the hierarchy

A

sensory system

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9
Q

monitored responses of the body to stimuli that are fed back into the sensorimotor circuits

A

sensory feedback

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10
Q

importance of sensory feedback

A

directs the continuation of the responses that produced the feedback

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11
Q

Brief, all-or-none, high-speed movements that are not normally influenced by sensory feedback

A

ballistic movements

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12
Q

initial stages of motor learning

A

Each individual response is performed under conscious control

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13
Q

examples of acquired sensorimotor skills

A
  • typing
  • swimming
  • knitting
  • basketball playing
  • dancing
  • piano playing
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14
Q

At the top of the sensorimotor hierarchy

A

association cortex

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15
Q

2 major areas of association cortex

A
  • posterior parietal association cortex
  • dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex
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16
Q

plays an important role in:
1. integrating these two kinds of information
2. directing behavior by providing spatial information
3. directing attention

A

posterior parietal association cortex

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17
Q

posterior parietal association cortex is classified as association cortex since it receives input from more than one sensory system such as:

A
  • visual system
  • auditory system
  • somatosensory system
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18
Q

A small area of prefrontal cortex that controls both eye movements and shifts in attention

A

frontal eye field

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19
Q

a disorder of voluntary movement that is not attributable to a simple motor deficit/to any deficit in comprehension or motivation

A

apraxia

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20
Q

involves a deficit in attention paid to one side of the visual field, usually the side that is contralateral/opposite to the damage

A

contralateral neglect

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21
Q

contralateral neglect affects the ____ region while apraxia affects the _____ region

A
  • right
  • left
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22
Q

unable to perform tasks or movements when asked but can readily perform under natural conditions (or when they are not thinking about what they are doing)

A

apraxia

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23
Q

often behave as if their world’s left side does not exist; often fail to recognize that they have a problem

A

contralateral neglect

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24
Q

2 contralateral neglects

A
  • egocentric left
  • object-based contralateral neglect
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25
Q

Failure to respond to the left side of objects (e.g., the left hand of the statue) even when the objects are presented horizontally or upside down

A

object-based contralateral neglect

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26
Q

deficits in responding occur for stimuli to the left of their own bodies,

A

egocentric left

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27
Q

sends projections to areas of secondary motor cortex, to primary motor cortex, and to the frontal eye field

A

dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex

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28
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal association cortex receives projections from the ______

A

posterior parietal cortex

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29
Q

receives much of their input from association cortex (PPAC & DPAC)

A

secondary motor cortex

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30
Q

secondary motor cortex sends much of their output to ____-

A

primary motor cortex

31
Q

2 areas of secondary motor cortex

A
  • supplementary motor area
  • premotor cortex
32
Q

selects and plans complex movements involving both sides of the body based on internal cues, such as thoughts or memory

A

supplementary motor area

33
Q

process which typically elicits complex movements, often involving both sides of the body

A

electrical stimulation

34
Q

anticipates and plans movements based on external sensory cues, such as responses to events that are seen or heard

A

premotor cortex

35
Q

neurons that fire when an individual performs a particular goal-directed movement or when they observe the same goal directed movement performed by another

A

mirror neurons

36
Q

major point of convergence of cortical sensorimotor signals

A

primary motor cortex

37
Q

primary motor cortex directs _____ and executes the plans of the _______

A
  • control of movements
  • prefrontal cortex
38
Q

primary motor cortex receives information from

A
  • premotor cortex
  • supplementary motor cortex
  • somatosensory cortex
39
Q

somatotopic map of the human primary motor cortex

A

motor homunculus

40
Q
  • tactile recognition
  • perception of material qualities of an object by handling or lifting it
A

stereognosis

41
Q

interact with different levels of the sensorimotor hierarchy; coordinate and modulate its activities

A

cerebellum and basal ganglia

42
Q

important for habit formation, timing, attention, and coordination of movements

A

cerebellum

43
Q

plays an important role in learning from one’s errors and in the prediction of errors.

A

cerebellar function

44
Q

a complex heterogenous collection of interconnected nuclei

A

basal ganglia

45
Q

influences motor cortex via a pathway through the thalamus

A

function of basal ganglia

46
Q

the control of the speed and amplitude of movement based on motivational factors

A

movement vigor

47
Q

_____ different pathways carry neural information from the primary motor cortex to the spinal cord’s motor neurons

A

4

48
Q

2 (kinds of) pathways

A
  • dorsolateral motor pathways
  • ventromedial motor pathways
49
Q

smallest units of motor activity

A

motor units

50
Q

comprises hundreds of thousands of threadlike muscle fibers bound together in a tough membrane and attached to a bone by a tendon

A

skeletal muscle

51
Q

released by motor neurons at neuromuscular junctions, activates the motor endplate on each muscle fiber and causes the fiber to contract

A

acetylcholine

52
Q

motor neurons that innervate the fibers of a single muscle

A

motor pool

53
Q

2 basic types of skeletal muscle fibers

A
  • fast muscle fibers
  • slow muscle fibers
54
Q

contract and relax quickly; fatigue quickly because they are poorly vascularized

A

fast muscle fibers

55
Q

capable of more sustained contraction because they are more richly vascularized

A

slow muscle fibers

56
Q

2 categories of skeletal muscles

A
  • flexators
  • extensors
57
Q

act to bend or flex a joint

A

flexators

58
Q

act to straighten or extend

A

extensors

59
Q

any two muscles whose contraction produces the same movement, be it flexion or extension

A

synergistic muscles

60
Q

those that act in opposition (Ex: biceps and the triceps)

A

antagonistic muscles

61
Q

2 types of muscle contraction

A
  • isometric contraction
  • dynamic contraction
62
Q

a muscle contraction without a motion

A

isometric contraction

63
Q

muscle contraction with a fixed amount of weight

A

dynamic contraction

64
Q

2 types of receptors

A
  • golgi tendon organs
  • muscle spindles
65
Q

embedded in the tendons

A

golgi tendon organs

66
Q

embedded in the muscle tissue itself

A

muscle spindles

67
Q

a reflex elicited by a sudden external stretching force on a muscle

A

stretch reflexes

68
Q

patella =

A

knee

69
Q

occurs when abrupt change arises in muscle length

A

patellar tendon reflex

70
Q

an automatic response enacted to withdraw a limb from a painful stimulus

A

withdrawal reflexes

71
Q

refers to the fact that antagonistic muscles are innervated in a way that permits a smooth, unimpeded motor response

A

reciprocal innervation

72
Q

simultaneous activation of muscles on opposite sides of a joint

A

co-contraction

73
Q

a negative feedback system that prevents rapid, repeated firing of the same motor neuron.

A

recurrent collateral inhibition

74
Q

characteristics of central sensorimotor programs

A
  • central sensorimotor programs are capable of motor equivalence
  • sensory information that controls central sensorimotor programs is not necessarily conscious
  • central sensorimotor programs can develop without practice
  • practice can create central sensorimotor programs

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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