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Physio Psych > Lecture 1 > Flashcards

Lecture 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

gradual development of something, especially from a simple to a more complex form

A

evolution

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2
Q

year wherein modern biology began

A

1859

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3
Q

how did modern biology began

A

charles darwin’s book “Origin of species” was published

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4
Q

what does darwin’s book introduced?

A

scientific theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through natural selection

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5
Q

darwin’s evidences

A
  • the evolution o fossil records through progressively more recent geological layers
  • striking structural similarities among living species which suggested that they had evolved from common ancestors
  • major changes abt domestic plants and animals are caused by selective breeding
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6
Q

most convincing evidence of evolution

A

from direct observations of rapid evolution in progress

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7
Q

ability of an organism to survive and contribute its genes to the next generation

A

fitness

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8
Q

organism that are more adapted to their environment are more likely to survive and pass on the genes that aided their success

A

natural selection

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9
Q

situations in which an “individual or a group control or dictates others’ behavior, primarily in competitive situations”

A

social dominance

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10
Q

how do males of many species establish a stable hierarchy of social dominance?

A

through combative encounters with other males

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11
Q

precedes copulation in many species

A

courtship display

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12
Q

courses of human evolution

A
  • vertebrates
  • amphibians
  • reptiles
  • mammals
  • emergence of humankind
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13
Q

animals with dorsal nerve cords; also called chordates

A

vertebrates

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14
Q

must live in the water in their larval form and only adult species can survive on land

A

amphibians

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15
Q

first vertebrates to lay shell-covered eggs and to be covered by dry scales

A

reptiles

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16
Q

current number of classification system of mammals

A

26

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17
Q

mammal order in which humans belong

A

primates

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18
Q

who gave the name ‘primates’

A

Carl Linnaeus

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19
Q

primates of the same group that includes humans

A

hominins

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20
Q

include six-subgroups including Australopithecus and Homo

A

Hominins

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21
Q

focus of the evolution of human brain

A

brain size

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22
Q

evolution of human brain was stimulated by:

A

the assumption that brain size and intellectual capacity are closely related

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23
Q

2 problems abt the assumption between brain size and intellectual capacity

A
  • humans do not have the biggest brains
  • sizes of brains of acclaimed individuals were found to be unremarkable compared to their gigantic intellects
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24
Q

is there a relationship between overall human brain size and intelligence

A

none

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25
Q

during evolution, the brain has increased in?

A

size

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26
Q

what part of the brain has the most increase in size?

A

cerebrum

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27
Q

folds on the cerebral surface

A

convolutions

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28
Q

studied the inheritance in pea plants

A

Gregor Johann Mendel

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29
Q

unit of heredity

A

gene

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30
Q

expressed in the phenotypes of heterozygous individuals

A

dominant

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31
Q

not expressed in the phenotype of heterozygous individuals

A

recessive

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32
Q

two genes that control the same trait

A

alleles

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33
Q

observable traits

A

phenotypes

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34
Q

traits that can be passed on to the offspring through its genetic material

A

genotype

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35
Q

possessing two identical genes for a particular trait

A

homozygous

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36
Q

possessing two different genes for a particular trait

A

heterozygous

37
Q

mendel’s law of inheritance

A
  • law of dominance
  • law of independent assortment
  • law of segregation
38
Q

“hybrid offspring will only inherit the dominant trait in the phenotype”

A

law of dominance

39
Q

“as the individual heredity factors assort independently, different traits get equal opportunity to occur together”

A

law of independent assortment

40
Q

“during the production of gametes, two copies of each hereditary factor segregate so that offspring acquire one factor from each parent”

A

law of segregation

41
Q

gene are formed by molecules called

A

DNA

42
Q

DNA forms _____

A

chromosomes

43
Q

strand of DNA found within the nucleus of a cell

A

chromosomes

44
Q

regular number of human cells

A

46

45
Q

number of autosomes

A

44

46
Q

number of sex chromosomes

A

2

47
Q

process where a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells

A

mitosis

48
Q

4 stages of cell division (mitosis)

A
  • prophase
  • anaphase
  • metaphase
  • telophase
49
Q

cells replicate

A

interphase

50
Q

chromosomes pair up

A

prophase

51
Q

chromosomes line up at equator

A

metaphase

52
Q

sister chromatids pull apart

A

anaphase

53
Q

cell pinches in the middle and two identical daughter cells are made

A

telophase and cytokinesis

54
Q

process where a single cell divides twice to produce four cells containing half the original amount of genetic information

A

meiosis

55
Q

sex cells of males

A

sperm

56
Q

sex cells of female

A

eggs

57
Q

2 categories of meiosis

A
  • meiosis I
  • meiosis II
58
Q

category of meiosis similar to the process of mitosis

A

meiosis II

59
Q

two daughter cells are made

A

prophase II

60
Q

chromosomes line up at the equator (meiosis)

A

metaphase II

61
Q

sister chromatids pull apart (meiosis)

A

anaphase II

62
Q

cell pinches in the middle and four granddaughter cells are made

A

telophase II & cytokinesis

63
Q

each chromosome is a ____ molecule

A

double-stranded

64
Q

nucleotide bases

A
  • adenine
  • cytosine
  • guanine
  • thymine
65
Q

process of replication

A
  • two strands of DNA start to unwind
  • exposed nucleotide bases on each of the two strands attract their complementary bases
  • after unwinding completion, two double-stranded DNA molecules, both of which are identical to the original, have been created
66
Q

errors in replication

A

mutation

67
Q

example of mutation errors

A
  • down syndrome
68
Q

traits influenced by genes on the sex chromosomes

A

sex-linked traits

69
Q

all sex-linked traits are controlled by genes on the _____ chromosome

A

X

69
Q

dominant sex-linked traits occur more frequently in ____ while recessive sex-linked traits occur more frequently in ______

A
  • females
  • males
70
Q

why does all sex-linked traits are controlled by the X-chromosome

A

Y-chromosome is small and carries a few genes

71
Q

how are recessive genes manifested in females?

A

when females posses two of the recessive genes

72
Q

process by which information encoded in a gene is used to synthesize a functional gene product

A

gene expression

73
Q

2 phases of gene expression

A
  • transcription
  • translation
74
Q

DNA base-sequence code to an RNA base-sequence code

A

transcription

75
Q

RNA base-sequence code into a protein

A

translation

76
Q

development of individuals over their lifespan

A

ontogeny

77
Q

evolutionary development of species through the ages

A

phylogeny

78
Q

involves choosing parents with particular characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characetristics

A

selective breeding

79
Q

single-gene metabolic disorder

A

phenylketonuria

80
Q

used to assess the relative contribution of genes and experience to the development of differences in psychological attributes

A

genetic similarity

81
Q
  • developed from the same zygote
  • genetically similar
  • identical twins
A

monozygotic twins

82
Q
  • developed from two zygotes & are no more similar than a pair of siblings
  • fraternal twins
A

dizygotic twins

83
Q

numerical estimate of the proportion of variability that occurred in a particular trait in a particular study as a result of the genetic variation in that study

A

heritability estimates

84
Q

heritability estimates tells us about the:

A

contribution of genetic differences to phenotypic differences among the participants in the study

85
Q

two kinds of twin studies

A
  • twin studies of epigenetic effects
  • twin studies of the effects of experience on heritability
86
Q

difficult because experimental manipulation of genetic material is not ethical

A

twin studies of epigenetic effects

87
Q

heritability estimates depend on the particular conditions and subjects of a particular study: tended to be 75%

A

twin studies of the effects of experience on heritability

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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