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Physio Psych > Lecture 7. Learning, Memory & Amnesia > Flashcards

Lecture 7. Learning, Memory & Amnesia Flashcards

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1
Q

Deals with how experience changes the brain

A

learning

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2
Q

Deals with how these changes (experiences) are stored and subsequently reactivated

A

memory

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3
Q

Any pathological loss of memory

A

amnesia

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4
Q

amnesia can be ___ or ____ loss of memory and is either ____ or ____

A
  • partial
  • complete
  • temporary
  • permanent
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5
Q

2 main forms of amnesia

A
  • retrograde amnesia
  • anterograde amnesia
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6
Q

removal of the medial portions of both temporal lobes, including most of the hippocampus, amygdala, and adjacent cortex

A

bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

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7
Q

both hemispheres are experiencing seizure at the same time

A

general seizure

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8
Q

classic test of verbal long-term memory

A

digit span +1 test

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9
Q

An array of 9 blocks was spread out on a board in front and was asked to watch the neuropsychologist touch a sequence of them and then to repeat the same sequence of touches

A

block-tapping memory span test

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10
Q

task was to draw a line within the boundaries of a star-shaped target by watching his hand in a mirror

A

mirror-drawing test

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11
Q

subject was presented 5 sets of fragmented drawings having 20 items

A

incomplete-pictures test

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12
Q

A tone was sounded just before a puff of air was administered to his eye; these trials were repeated until the tone alone elicited an eye blink.

A

pavlovian conditioning

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13
Q

Amnesia that is associated with bilateral damage to the medial temporal lobes

A

medial temporal lobe amnesia

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14
Q

2 memory systems

A
  • implicit memory
  • explicit memory
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15
Q

Information that you remember unconsciously and effortlessly

A

implicit memory

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16
Q

Information that you have to consciously work to remember

A

explicit memory

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17
Q

reason why there are two memory systems

A

flexibility

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18
Q

flexible memory system

A

explicit memories

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19
Q

not flexible memory system

A

implicit memories

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20
Q

test that assesses implicit memory in which participants are asked to examine a list of words

A

repetition priming tests

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21
Q

2 categories of explicit memories

A
  • semantic memories
  • episodic memories
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22
Q

category of explicit memory that is for general facts or information

A

semantic memories

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23
Q

category of explicit memories that is for specific moments in one’s life

A

episodic memories

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24
Q

disorder of memory that is most common in people who have consumed large amounts of alcohol

A

korsakoff’s syndrome

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25
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome is largely attributed to brain dysfunction associated with the ______ that often accompanies heavy alcohol consumption

A

thiamine deficiency

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26
Q

korsakoff’s syndrome is characterized by severe _____ and ____

A
  • anterograde amnesia
  • retrograde amnesia
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27
Q

essential for normal brain function

A

thiamine

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28
Q

progressive disease beginning with mild memory loss and possibly leading to loss of the ability to carry on a conversation and respond to the environment

A

alzheimer’s disease

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29
Q

alzheimer’s is the most common type of _____

A

dementia

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30
Q

symptoms of alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Mild Deterioration of Memory
  • Progressive Cognitive Decline
  • Severe Dementia
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31
Q

initial sign of alzheimer’s disease

A

mild deterioration of memory

32
Q

temporary disturbance of consciousness produced by a nonpenetrating head injury is the most common cause of amnesia

A

concussion

33
Q

transient state of altered brain function that may follow a traumatic brain injury

A

posttraumatic amnesia

34
Q

effects of closed-head injury on memory

A
  • coma
  • retrograde amnesia
  • period of confusion
  • anterograde amnesia
35
Q

pathological state of unconsciousness

A

coma

36
Q

provided a means of testing the assumption that the amnesia resulting from medial temporal lobe damage is entirely the consequence to hippocampal damage

A

monkey version of delayed nonmatching-to-sample test

37
Q

An apparatus representing the version of the delayed nonmatching-to-sample test for rats

A

mumby box

38
Q

play a major role only in explicit episodic memories

A

medial temporal lobe

39
Q

intact rats placed at various locations in a circular pool of murky water rapidly learn to swim to a stationary platform hidden just below the surface

A

morris water maze test

40
Q

several (e.g., eight) arms radiate out from a central starting chamber, and the same few arms are baited with food each day

A

radial arm maze test

41
Q

memory for the general principles and skills that are required to perform a task

A

reference memory

42
Q

temporary memory that is necessary for the successful performance of a task on which one is currently working

A

working memory

43
Q

type of neuron found in the hippocampus that respond only when a subject is in specific locations

A

place cells

44
Q

area of the medial temporal cortex that is a major source of neural signals to the hippocampus

A

entorhinal cortex

45
Q

entorhinal neurons that each have a repeating pattern of evenly spaced hexagon-shaped place fields that tile the surface of an environment

A

entorhinal grid cells

46
Q

location that causes each place cell to fire

A

place field

47
Q

major structures of medial temporal lobes

A
  • hippocampus
  • amygdala
  • medial temporal cortex
48
Q

plays a role in various forms of memory

A

hippocampus

49
Q

plays a role in emotion

A

amygdala

50
Q

lies adjacent to the hippocampus and amygdala

A

medial temporal cortex

51
Q

areas of medial temporal cortex

A
  • entorhinal cortex
  • perirhinal cortex
  • parahippocampal cortices
52
Q

type of graph that represents the occurrence of neuronal trips with respect to time

A

neural coding

53
Q

Highly selective and invariant

A

jennifer aniston neurons

54
Q

neuroscientists insert an opsin gene into particular neurons, after which they can then use light to either hyperpolarize or depolarize those neurons

A

optogenetics

55
Q

neurons that undergo a persistent change as the result of experience

A

engram cells

56
Q

2 identification of engram cells

A
  • tagging stage
  • manipulate stage
57
Q

the neurons that are active during the learning task are induced to express opsins while an animal engages in a particular learning task

A

tagging stage

58
Q

the previously active neurons are now either inhibited or excited by using light to influence the activity of the opsin-tagged neurons

A

manipulate stage

59
Q

5 brain areas implicated in memory

A
  • inferotemporal cortex
  • amygdala
  • prefrontal cortex
  • cerebellum
  • striatum
60
Q

Plays an important role in storing memories of visual input and is critically important for the visual recognition of objects

A

inferotemporal cortex

61
Q

Play a special role in memory for the emotional significance of experiences

A

amygdala

62
Q

Extensively involved in human memory, including working memory processes that support retention of information across short delays, and episodic long-term memory encoding and retrieval processes

A

prefrontal cortex

63
Q

participate in the storage of memories of learned sensorimotor skills

A

cerebellum

64
Q

Store memories for consistent relationships between stimuli and responses

A

striatum

65
Q

striatum is one of the main structures involved in _____

A

habit formation

66
Q

striatum-based learning =

A

habit-formation

67
Q

phenomenon that showed that there is a facilitation of synaptic transmission following high-frequency electrical stimulation applied to presynaptic neurons

A

long-term potentiation

68
Q

2 key properties of LTP

A
  • LTP can last for a long time
  • Many forms of LTP develop only if there is co-occurrence of activity in the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons
69
Q

prominent at the synapses at which LTP is commonly studied

A

NMDA receptor

70
Q

variability of LTP

A
  • long term depression
  • metaplasticity
71
Q

occurs in response to prolonged low-frequency stimulation of presynaptic neurons

A

long term depression

72
Q

refers to the fact that LTP and/or LTD induction can be modulated by prior synaptic activity

A

metaplasticity

73
Q

long term depression is the ____ of LTP

A

flip-side

74
Q

2 neuroplastic changes that occur outside the synapse

A
  • epigenetic mechanisms in the cell nucleus
  • changes to the structure of axons
75
Q

remembering virtually nothing of the events of our infancy

A

infantile amnesia

76
Q

substances that are thought to improve memory

A

nootropics

77
Q

nootropics are also called

A

smart drugs

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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