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Physio Psych > Lecture 5: Perception Mechanisms (Vision only) > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Perception Mechanisms (Vision only) Flashcards

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1
Q

does not produce an accurate internal copy of the external world

A

vsiual system

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2
Q

eyes are “tricked” into seeing things the way they aren’t; regarded as minor imperfections to one’s vision

A

visual illusions

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3
Q

Electromagnetic radiation that can be perceived by the human eye (visible light spectrum)

A

light

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4
Q

light is sometimes defined as waves of electromagnetic energy between ______

A

380-760 nm

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5
Q

if there is no light, there is no _____

A

vision

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6
Q

2 notable properties of light

A
  • wavelength
  • intensity
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7
Q

plays an important role in the perception of color

A

wavelength

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8
Q

plays an important role in the perception of brightness

A

intensity

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9
Q

The amount of light reaching the retinas is regulated by the ____

A

iris

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10
Q

donut-shaped bands of contractile tissue

A

iris

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11
Q

the hole in the iris

A

pupil

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12
Q

light enters through the _____

A

pupil

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13
Q

Adjustment of pupil size in response to changes in illumination represents a compromise between

A
  • sensitivity
  • acuity
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14
Q

ability to detect the presence of dimly lit objects

A

sensitivity

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15
Q

ability to see the details of objects

A

acuity

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16
Q

happens during high level of illumination

A

constriction of pupils

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17
Q

happens during too low level of illumination to activate the receptors

A

dilation of pupils

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18
Q

Focuses incoming light on the retina

A

lens

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19
Q

When gaze is directed at something near, the lens assumes its

A

natural cylindrical shape

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20
Q

On a distant object, the lens is

A

flattened

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21
Q

process of adjusting the configuration of the lenses to bring images into focus on the retina

A

accomodation

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22
Q

the difference in the position of the same image on the two retinas

A

binocular disparity

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23
Q

functions of the retina

A
  • Converts light to neural signals
  • Conduct them towards the CNS
  • Participates in the processing of the signals
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24
Q

5 types of neurons in the retina

A
  • receptors
  • horizontal cells
  • bipolar cells
  • amacrine cells
  • retinal ganglon cells
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25
Q

Specialized for lateral communication

A

amacrine cells and horizontal cells

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26
Q

retinal neurons communicate both ____ and ____

A

chemically (synapses) and electrically (gap junctions)

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27
Q

2 visual problems of inside-out arrangement

A
  • incoming light is distorted
  • there must be a gap (blind spot) in the receptor layer
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28
Q
  • Specialized for high-acuity vision
  • Central point of the retina
  • Has no rods; only cones
A

fovea

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29
Q

2 types of receptors in human retina

A
  • cones
  • rods
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30
Q
  • Cone-shaped receptors
  • Specialized in detecting fine details and colors
  • Operates best in bright light
  • Located around the fovea
A

cones

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31
Q
  • Rod-shaped receptors
  • Specialized in detecting black, white, and gray colors
  • Do not provide a lot of detail; but allows us to see in dim light
  • Located around the edges of the retina
A

rods

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32
Q

theory that cones and rods mediate different kinds of vision

A

duplexity theory of vision

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33
Q

duplexity theory of vision

A
  • phototopic vision
  • scotopic vision
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34
Q

cone-mediated vision that predominates in good lighting and provides high-acuity colored perceptions

A

photopic vision

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35
Q

rod-mediated vision that predominates in dim illumination and lacks both the detail and the color of photopic vision

A

scotopic vision

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36
Q

Graph of the relative brightness of lights of the same intensity presented at different wavelengths

A

spectral sensitivity curve

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37
Q

2 spectral sensitivity curves

A
  • photopic spectral sensitivity curve
  • scotopic spectral sensitivity curve
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38
Q

(spectral sensitivity curve) determined by having subjects judge the relative brightness of different wavelengths of light shone on the fovea

A

photopic spectral sensitivity curve

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39
Q

(spectral sensitivity curve) determined by asking subjects to judge the relative brightness of different wavelengths of light shone on the periphery of the retina

A

scotopic spectral sensitivity curve

40
Q

Visual system is maximally sensitive to wavelengths of about 560 nm

A

under photopic conditions

41
Q

Visual system is maximally sensitive to wavelengths of about 500 nanometers

A

under scotopic conditions

42
Q

Visual effect of relative brightness observed during the transition from photopic to scotopic vision

A

purkinje effect

43
Q

entire area you can see at a particular moment

A

visual field

44
Q

explains why the world does not vanish momentarily each time we blink

A

temporal integration

45
Q

3 kinds of involuntary fixational eye movements

A
  • tremor
  • drifts
  • saccades
46
Q

enable us to see during fixation by keeping the images moving on the retina

A

eye movements

47
Q

when eye movements are _____ visual objects begin to fade and disappear

A

blocked

48
Q

if retinal images are ______ the images start to disappear and reappear

A

artificially stabilized

49
Q

conversion of light to neural signals by the visual receptors

A

visual transduction

50
Q

any substance that absorbs light

A

pigment

51
Q

A G-protein-coupled receptor that responds to light rather than to neurotransmitter molecules

A

rhodopsin

52
Q

Conducts signals from each retina to the primary visual cortex (aka. striate cortex or V1) via the (thalamic) lateral geniculate nuclei

A

retina-geniculate-striate system

53
Q

2 parallel channels of communication

A
  • parvocellular layers (P layers)
  • magnocellular layers (M layers)
54
Q
  • Runs through the top 4 layers
  • Majority of input comes from cones
A

parvocellular layers (P layers)

55
Q
  • Runs through bottom 2 layers
  • Majority of input comes from rods
A

magnocellular layers (M layers)

56
Q

parvocellular layers have ___ cell bodies while magnocellular layers have _____ cell bodies

A
  • small
  • large
57
Q

The most informative features of any visual display because they define the extent and position of the various objects in it

A

edges

58
Q

nonexistent stripes of brightness and darkness running adjacent to the edges

A

mach bands

59
Q

mach bands enhances the _____ at each edge

A

contrast

60
Q

area of the visual field within which it is possible for a visual stimulus to influence the firing of a neuron

A

receptive field

61
Q

characteristics of some binocular cells

A
  • ocular dominance
  • retinal disparity
62
Q

Respond more robustly to stimulation of one eye than they do to the same stimulation of the other

A

ocular dominance

63
Q

Fire best when the preferred stimulus is presented to both eyes simultaneously but in slightly different positions on the 2 retinas

A

retinal disparity

64
Q

influences on a visual neuron’s activity that are caused by stimuli outside the neuron’s recep. field

A

contextual influences

65
Q

One of the most obvious qualities of the human visual experience

A

colors

66
Q

black =

A

absence of light

67
Q

produced by the intense mixture of a wide range of wavelengths in roughly equal proportions

A

white

68
Q

the perception of an object’s color depends on the ____ that it reflects into the eye

A

wavelengths of light

69
Q

theories of color vision

A
  • component theory
  • opponent-process theory
  • color constancy and the retinex theory
70
Q

There are three diff. kinds of color receptors (cones), each with a different spectral sensitivity

A

component theory (trichromatic theory)

71
Q

Each of the three classes of cells encoded two complementary color perceptions

A

opponent-process theory

72
Q

2 diff classes of cells in the visual system

A
  • for encoding color
  • for encoding brightness
73
Q

pairs of colors that produce white or gray when combined in equal measure

A

complementary colors

74
Q

Tendency of an object to stay the same color despite major changes in the wavelength of light that it reflects

A

color constancy

75
Q

Color of an object is determined by its reflectance

A

retinex theory

76
Q

proportion of light of diff. Wavelengths that a surface reflects

A

reflectance

77
Q

3 classes of visual cortex

A
  • primary visual cortex
  • secondary visual cortex
  • visual association cortex
78
Q

Receives most of its input from the visual relay nuclei (lateral geniculate nuclei) in the thalamus

A

primary visual cortex

79
Q

Receive input from areas of the secondary visual cortex as well as the secondary areas of other sensory systems

A

visual association cortex

80
Q

Receive most of their input from the V1

A

secondary visual cortex

81
Q

2 possible damages to primary visual cortex

A
  • scotoma
  • blindsight
82
Q

Area of blindness in the corresponding area of the contralateral visual field of both eyes

A

scotoma

83
Q

having a scotoma covering half of the visual field

A

hemianopsic

84
Q

Ability to respond to visual stimuli in a scotoma with no conscious awareness of them

A

blindsight

85
Q

most likely to survive damage to primary visual cortex

A

perception of motion

86
Q

Most neurons respond most robustly to spatial stimuli

A

dorsal stream

87
Q

Most neurons respond to characteristics such as color and shape

A

ventral stream

88
Q

failure of recognition that is not attributable to a sensory deficit or to verbal or intellectual impairment

A

visual agnosias

89
Q

2 visual agnosias

A
  • prosopagnosia
  • akinetopsia
90
Q

Problems with recognizing whose face they are looking at

A

prosopagnosia

91
Q

types of prosopagnosia based on acquisition

A
  • development prosopagnosia
  • acquired prosopagnosia
92
Q

[prosopagnosia] acquired during development

A

development prosopagnosia

93
Q

[prosopagnosia] resulted from brain injury

A

acquired prosopagnosia

94
Q

Implicated in face identification because parts of it are selectively activated by human faces

A

fusiform face area

95
Q

Reversible inactivation of the OFA selectively disrupts the ability to discriminate between faces

A

occipital face area

96
Q

Deficiency in the ability to see movement progress in a normal smooth fashion

A

akinetopsia

97
Q

akinetopsia can be a:

A
  • permanent result of brain damage
  • transient result of taking high doses of certain antidepressants

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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