Lecture 10. Hormones and Sex

Question 1

primary function is to release hormones

Answer 1

endocrine glands

Question 2

2 types of glands in the neuroendocrine system

Answer 2

• exocrine glands
• endocrine glands

Question 3

types of gland that release chemicals into ducts that transport them to the body’s surface

Answer 3

exocrine glands

Question 4

types of gland that release hormones, directly into the circulatory system

Answer 4

endocrine glands

Question 5

example of exocrine glands

Answer 5

sweat glands

Question 6

endocrine glands are ____ glands

Answer 6

ductless

Question 7

play a crucial role in hormone regulation and reproduction

Answer 7

gonads

Question 8

gonads are male ___ and female ___

Answer 8

• testes
• ovaries

Question 9

pairs of chromosomes containing genetic programs that direct sexual development (XX & XY)

Answer 9

sex chromosomes

Question 10

3 classes of vertebrate hormone

Answer 10

• amino acid derivatives
• peptides and proteins
• steroids

Question 11

hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an amino acid molecule

Answer 11

amino acid derivative hormones

Question 12

chains of amino acids

Answer 12

peptide hormones and protein hormones

Question 13

peptide hormones are ___ chains, and protein hormones are ___ chains of amino acid

Answer 13

• short
• long

Question 14

synthesized from cholesterol

Answer 14

steroids

Question 15

hormones that influence sexual development and the activation of adult sexual behavior

Answer 15

steroid hormones

Question 16

3 classes of gonadal (steroid) hormones

Answer 16

• androgens
• estrogens
• progestins

Question 17

Influences male reproductive development, libido, and muscle mass

Answer 17

androgens

Question 18

Plays a crucial role in female reproductive development, menstrual cycle regulation, and bone health

Answer 18

estrogens

Question 19

Prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy

Answer 19

progesterone

Question 20

most common androgen

Answer 20

testosterone

Question 21

most common estrogen

Answer 21

estradiol

Question 22

most common progestin

Answer 22

progesterone

Question 23

primary function is regulating glucose and salt levels in the blood, and releasing small amounts of all the sex steroids released by the gonads

Answer 23

adrenal cortex

Question 24

referred to as the “master gland” due to its production of tropic hormones

Answer 24

pituitary

Question 25

influence the release of hormones from other glands

Answer 25

tropic hormones

Question 26

responsible for releasing tropic hormones

Answer 26

anterior pituitary

Question 27

neural structure that controls and regulates the anterior pituitary

Answer 27

hypothalamus

Question 28

major hormones of posterior pituitary

Answer 28

• vasopressin
• oxytocin

Question 29

facilitates the reabsorption of water by the kidneys

Answer 29

vasopressin

Question 30

vasopressin is also known as

Answer 30

antidiuretic hormone

Question 31

stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling

Answer 31

oxytocin

Question 32

refers to each hypothalamic hormone that was thought to stimulate the release of an anterior pituitary hormone

Answer 32

releasing hormone

Question 33

refers to each hormone thought to inhibit the release of an anterior pituitary hormone

Answer 33

release-inhibiting hormone

Question 34

pulsatile hormone release states that hormones tend to be released in ___

Answer 34

pulses

Question 35

has the capacity to develop into male reproductive ducts

Answer 35

wolffian system

Question 36

has the capacity to develop into female ducts

Answer 36

Mullerian system

Question 37

ball sac that holds the testes outside the body cavity

Answer 37

scrotum

Question 38

removal of ovaries

Answer 38

ovariectomy

Question 39

removal of testes

Answer 39

orchidectomy

Question 40

surgical removal of gonads

Answer 40

gonadectomy

Question 41

gonadectomy is also called _____

Answer 41

castration

Question 42

traits other than reproductive organs that distinguish sexually mature males and females

Answer 42

secondary sex trait characteristics

Question 43

transitional period between childhood and adulthood during which:

• fertility is achieved
• adolescent growth spurt occurs
• secondary sex characteristics develops

Answer 43

puberty

Question 44

the only anterior pituitary hormone that does not have a gland as its primary target

Answer 44

growth hormone

Question 45

trigger gonads and adrenal cortex to release sex hormones, initiating genital maturation and secondary sex characteristic development

Answer 45

gonadotropic and adrenocorticotropic hormones

Question 46

higher androgen levels lead to ______

Answer 46

masculinization

Question 47

estrogen predominance results in ______

Answer 47

feminization

Question 48

• an androgen released by the adrenal cortex
• contributes to pubic and axillary hair growth in females

Answer 48

androstenedione

Question 49

surgical removal of either the testes in males or the ovaries in females

Answer 49

gonadectomy

Question 50

biochemical process in which aromatase catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into estradiol

Answer 50

aromatization

Question 51

steroids that have anabolic effects

Answer 51

anabolic steroid

Question 52

growth-promoting

Answer 52

anabolic

Question 53

sex-related effects of steroid abuse in men

Answer 53

• testicular atrophy
• sterility
• gynecomastia

Question 54

sex-related effects of steroid abuse in women

Answer 54

• amenorrhea
• sterility
• hirsutism

Question 55

wasting away of the testes

Answer 55

testicular atrophy

Question 56

inability to produce a child

Answer 56

sterility

Question 57

breast growth in males

Answer 57

gynecomastia

Question 58

cessation of menstruation

Answer 58

amenorrhea

Question 59

excessive growth of body hair

Answer 59

hirsutism

Question 60

4 brain structures associated with sexual activity

Answer 60

• cortex
• hypothalamus
• amygdala
• ventral striatum