Lecture 10. Hormones and Sex Flashcards
primary function is to release hormones
endocrine glands
2 types of glands in the neuroendocrine system
- exocrine glands
- endocrine glands
types of gland that release chemicals into ducts that transport them to the body’s surface
exocrine glands
types of gland that release hormones, directly into the circulatory system
endocrine glands
example of exocrine glands
sweat glands
endocrine glands are ____ glands
ductless
play a crucial role in hormone regulation and reproduction
gonads
gonads are male ___ and female ___
- testes
- ovaries
pairs of chromosomes containing genetic programs that direct sexual development (XX & XY)
sex chromosomes
3 classes of vertebrate hormone
- amino acid derivatives
- peptides and proteins
- steroids
hormones that are synthesized in a few simple steps from an amino acid molecule
amino acid derivative hormones
chains of amino acids
peptide hormones and protein hormones
peptide hormones are ___ chains, and protein hormones are ___ chains of amino acid
- short
- long
synthesized from cholesterol
steroids
hormones that influence sexual development and the activation of adult sexual behavior
steroid hormones
3 classes of gonadal (steroid) hormones
- androgens
- estrogens
- progestins
Influences male reproductive development, libido, and muscle mass
androgens
Plays a crucial role in female reproductive development, menstrual cycle regulation, and bone health
estrogens
Prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy
progesterone
most common androgen
testosterone
most common estrogen
estradiol
most common progestin
progesterone
primary function is regulating glucose and salt levels in the blood, and releasing small amounts of all the sex steroids released by the gonads
adrenal cortex
referred to as the “master gland” due to its production of tropic hormones
pituitary
influence the release of hormones from other glands
tropic hormones
responsible for releasing tropic hormones
anterior pituitary
neural structure that controls and regulates the anterior pituitary
hypothalamus
major hormones of posterior pituitary
- vasopressin
- oxytocin
facilitates the reabsorption of water by the kidneys
vasopressin
vasopressin is also known as
antidiuretic hormone
stimulates contractions of the uterus during labor and the ejection of milk during suckling
oxytocin
refers to each hypothalamic hormone that was thought to stimulate the release of an anterior pituitary hormone
releasing hormone
refers to each hormone thought to inhibit the release of an anterior pituitary hormone
release-inhibiting hormone
pulsatile hormone release states that hormones tend to be released in ___
pulses
has the capacity to develop into male reproductive ducts
wolffian system
has the capacity to develop into female ducts
Mullerian system
ball sac that holds the testes outside the body cavity
scrotum
removal of ovaries
ovariectomy
removal of testes
orchidectomy
surgical removal of gonads
gonadectomy
gonadectomy is also called _____
castration
traits other than reproductive organs that distinguish sexually mature males and females
secondary sex trait characteristics
transitional period between childhood and adulthood during which:
- fertility is achieved
- adolescent growth spurt occurs
- secondary sex characteristics develops
puberty
the only anterior pituitary hormone that does not have a gland as its primary target
growth hormone
trigger gonads and adrenal cortex to release sex hormones, initiating genital maturation and secondary sex characteristic development
gonadotropic and adrenocorticotropic hormones
higher androgen levels lead to ______
masculinization
estrogen predominance results in ______
feminization
- an androgen released by the adrenal cortex
- contributes to pubic and axillary hair growth in females
androstenedione
surgical removal of either the testes in males or the ovaries in females
gonadectomy
biochemical process in which aromatase catalyzes the conversion of testosterone into estradiol
aromatization
steroids that have anabolic effects
anabolic steroid
growth-promoting
anabolic
sex-related effects of steroid abuse in men
- testicular atrophy
- sterility
- gynecomastia
sex-related effects of steroid abuse in women
- amenorrhea
- sterility
- hirsutism
wasting away of the testes
testicular atrophy
inability to produce a child
sterility
breast growth in males
gynecomastia
cessation of menstruation
amenorrhea
excessive growth of body hair
hirsutism
4 brain structures associated with sexual activity
- cortex
- hypothalamus
- amygdala
- ventral striatum
