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Physio Psych > Lecture 5: Perception Mechanisms > Flashcards

Lecture 5: Perception Mechanisms Flashcards

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1
Q

receive stimuli outside of our bodies

A

exteroceptive sensory systems

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2
Q

Process of detecting the presence of stimuli

A

sensation

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3
Q

Higher-order process of integrating, recognizing, and interpreting patterns of sensations

A

perception

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4
Q

types of sensory areas of cortex

A
  • primary sensory cortex
  • secondary sensory cortex
  • association cortex
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5
Q

Areas that receive most of their input from the (1) primary sensory cortex or (2) other areas of secondary sensory cortex (in same system)

A

secondary sensory cortex

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6
Q

Area that receives most of its input directly from the the thalamic relay nuclei

A

primary sensory cortex

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7
Q

Any area that receives its input from more than one sensory system

A

association cortex

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8
Q

most input in the association cortex comes via areas of __________

A

secondary sensory cortex

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9
Q

Characterizes the interactions among the three types of sensory cortex and among other sensory structures

A

three major principles

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10
Q

three major principles

A
  • hierarchical organization
  • functional segregation
  • parallel processing
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11
Q

“Sensory structures are organized based on the specificity and complexity of their function”

A

hierarchical organization

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12
Q

“Each of the 3 cortex levels in a sensory system contain functionally distinct areas that specialize in different kinds of analysis”

A

functional segregation

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13
Q

“information flows through the components over multiple pathways”

A

parallel system

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14
Q

“simultaneous analysis of a signal in different ways by multiple parallel pathways of a neural network”

A

parallel processing

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15
Q

Vibrations of air molecules (that stimulate the auditory system)

A

sounds

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16
Q

human hearing capacity

A

20 - 20,000 hertz

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17
Q

amplitude =

A

loudness

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18
Q

frequency =

A

pitch

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19
Q

complexity =

A

timbre

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20
Q

A sound of one single frequency

A

pure tone

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21
Q

pure tone exists only in

A
  • laboratories
  • sound recording studios
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22
Q

related to fundamental frequency

A

pitch

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23
Q

Mathematical procedure for breaking down complex waves into their component sine waves

A

fourier analysis

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24
Q

Transmit sound vibrations from the external ear to the middle ear (particularly the ossicles)

A

tympanic membrane (eardrum)

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25
Q

3 small bones; Connected to each other and send the sound vibrations (which they amplify) to the inner ear (particularly the cochlea)

A

ossicles

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26
Q

3 small bones

A
  • malleus
  • incus
  • stapes
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27
Q

the hammer

A

malleus

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28
Q

the stirrup

A

stapes

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29
Q

the anvil

A

incus

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30
Q

junction point between the middle ear and the inner ear

A

oval window

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31
Q

long, coiled tube with an internal structure (Organ of Corti) running almost to its tip

A

cochlea

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32
Q

cochlea is filled with ____ that ripples due to the vibrations

A

fluid

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33
Q

‘different hair cells respond to different frequencies of sound’

A

tonotopic

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34
Q

bundles of stereocilia move along the waves created by the rippling (due to vibration)

A

organ of corti

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35
Q

organ of corti convert wave movements into ____ signals which will travel along the auditory nerve

A

electrical signals

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36
Q

elastic membrane in cochlear wall

A

round window

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37
Q

current network of auditory pathways

A

axons of auditory nerves - medial geniculate nuclei - primary auditory complex

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38
Q

signals are transmitted to both ____ and _____

A
  • ipsilateral
  • contralateral
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39
Q

inherently complex in auditory system

A

subcortical pathways

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40
Q

Receives the majority of its input from medial geniculate nucleus

A

primary auditory complex

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41
Q

primary auditory complex is located in the ______

A

temporal lobe

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42
Q

areas of auditory cortex

A
  • 13 separate areas
  • core region
  • belt
  • parabelt areas
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43
Q

band of areas of secondary auditory cortex

A

belt

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44
Q

areas of secondary auditory cortex outside the belt

A

parabelt areas

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45
Q

collection of 3 adjacent areas in primary auditory cortex

A

core region

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46
Q

principles of organization

A
  • organized in functional columns
  • tonotopic
  • periodotopy
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47
Q

vertically, auditory neurons tend to respond optimally to sounds in the same frequency range

A

organized in functional columns

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48
Q

organized acc. to temporal components of sound

A

periodotopy

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49
Q

periodotopy refers to the changes in ____ of sounds in our environment over a period of time

A

intensity

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50
Q

2 main cortical streams of auditory analysis

A
  • anterior auditory pathway
  • posterior auditory pathway
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51
Q

ultimately conducted to the prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex

A

auditory signals

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52
Q

More involved in identifying sounds (what)

A

anterior auditory pathway

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53
Q

More involved in locating sounds (where)

A

posterior auditory pathway

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54
Q

have traditionally been assumed to interact in the association cortex

A

sensory system

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55
Q

areas of cortex where SS interactions (associations) take place

A

association cortex

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56
Q

Widely used to investigate SS interactions

A

functional brain imaging

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57
Q

effects of damage to the auditory system

A
  • auditory cortex damage
  • deafness
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58
Q

Major permanent loss of ability to process structural aspects of sounds

A

auditory cortex damage

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59
Q
  • One of most prevalent human disabilities
  • Can lead to feelings of social isolation
A

deafness

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60
Q

______ is rare (only 1%)

A

total deafness

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61
Q

2 common classes of deafness

A
  • conductive deafness
  • nerve deafness
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62
Q

damage to ossicles

A

conductive deafness

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63
Q

Damage to cochlea or auditory nerve

A

nerve deafness

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64
Q

major cause of nerve deafness

A

loss of hair cell receptors

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65
Q

Ringing of the ears

A

tinnitus

66
Q

Advanced medical devices designed to provide a sense of sound to individuals with nerve deafness.

A

cochlear implants

67
Q

sensations from the body

A

somatosensation

68
Q

3 systems of the somatosensory system

A
  • exteroceptive system
  • proprioceptive system
  • interoceptive system
69
Q

Monitors conditions inside the body e.g. temperature, blood pressure.

A

interoceptive system

70
Q

Has exteroceptors that sense external stimuli

A

exteroceptive system

71
Q

Monitors information on the position of the body that comes from receptors in the muscles, joints, and organs of balance (vestibular system)

A

proprioceptive system

72
Q

mechanical stimuli

A

pressure

73
Q

thermal stimuli

A

temperature

74
Q

nociceptive stimuli

A

pain

75
Q

cutaneous receptors

A
  • free nerve endings
  • pacinian corpuscles
  • merkel’s disks
  • ruffini endings
76
Q

Neuron endings with no specialized structures

A

free nerve endings

77
Q

free nerve endings are sensitive to ____ and _____

A
  • temperature changes
  • pain
78
Q

Largest and deepest; onion shaped

A

pacinian corpuscles

79
Q

Responds to skin indentation (from pressure)

A

merkel’s disks

80
Q

Respond to skin stretching and joint activity

A

ruffini endings

81
Q

Continuous change in stimulation that enables more awareness towards particular object

A

stereognosis

82
Q

stereognosis is identifying objects by ____

A

touch

83
Q

2 major somatosensory pathways

A
  • dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system
  • anterolateral system
84
Q

Tends to carry information about touch and proprioception

A

dorsal-column medial-lemniscus system

85
Q

Tends to carry information about pain and temp

A

anterolateral system

86
Q

somatotopic – organized according to a map of the body surface

A

primary somatosensory cortex

87
Q

“little man”

A

homonculus

88
Q

refers to the somatotopic map

A

somatosensory homunculus

89
Q

input in primary somatosensory cortex is largely ______

A

contralateral

90
Q
  • Receives most of its input from SI
  • Susbtantial input from both sides of the body
A

secondary somatosensory cortex

91
Q

somatosensory agnosias

A
  • astereognosia
  • asomatognosia
92
Q

Inability to recognize objects (shape and size) by touch

A

astereognosia

93
Q

Inability to recognize parts of one’s own body or the loss of awareness of part of the body

A

asomatognosia

94
Q

tendency not to respond to stimuli that are contralateral to a right-hemisphere injury

A

contralateral neglect

95
Q

perception of pain

A
  • pain is adaptive
  • pain has no clear cortical representation
  • pain is modulated by cognition and emotion
96
Q

Severe chronic pain in the absence of a recognizable pain stimulus

A

neuropathic pain

97
Q

neuropathic pain is caused by _____

A

abnormal activity in the CNS

98
Q

primary function of chemical senses

A

to monitor the chemical content of the environment

99
Q

response of the olfactory system to airborne chemicals that are drawn by inhalation over receptors in the nasal passages

A

smell

100
Q

response of the gustatory system to chemicals in solution in the oral cavity

A

taste

101
Q

2 adaptive roles of the chemical senses

A
  • evaluation of potential foods
  • regulate social interactions
102
Q

chemicals that influence the physiology and behavior of members of the same species (conspecifics)

A

pheromones

103
Q

an integrated sensory impression produced when molecules of food excite both smell and taste receptors

A

flavor

104
Q

sensation of smell

A

olfaction

105
Q

located in the upper part of the nose, embedded in a layer of mucus-covered tissue

A

olfactory receptor cells

106
Q

mucus-covered tissue

A

olfactory mucosa

107
Q

discrete clusters of neurons that lie near the surface of the olfactory bulbs

A

olfactory glomeruli

108
Q
  • Primary olfactory cortex
  • Area of medial temporal cortex adjacent to the amygdala
A

piriform cortex

109
Q

2 major pathways that leave the amygdala

A
  • limbic pathway
  • thalamic-orbitofrontal pathway
110
Q

Thought to mediate the conscious perception of odors

A

thalamic-orbitofrontal pathway

111
Q

Thought to mediate emotional response to odors

A

limbic pathway

112
Q

used to refer to the still poorly understood topographic organization of the olfactory bulbs

A

chemotopic

113
Q

sensation of taste

A

gustation

114
Q

Muscular organ in the mouth; Essential for performing various functions related to speech, taste, chewing, swallowing, and maintaining oral health

A

tongue

115
Q

Small, raised structures found on the surface of the tongue that give it its rough texture (in purple); Houses the taste buds (in orange)

A

papillae

116
Q

can detect different tastes no matter their location

A

taste buds

117
Q

taste buds contain ___ to ___ clusters of taste receptor cells

A

50 to 100

118
Q

Specialized cells surrounded by nerve endings

A

taste receptors

119
Q

taste receptors are found on the ______ and throughout the ______

A
  • tongue
  • gastrointestinal tract
120
Q

how long does taste receptors survive before being replaced by new cells?

A

few weeks

121
Q

3 main types of taste bud cells

A
  • detects bitter, sweet, and umami
  • detects sour
  • detects salty
122
Q

metabotropic receptors

A
  • sweet
  • umami
  • bitter
123
Q

ionotropic receptors

A
  • salty
  • sour
124
Q

2 m receptors

A

sweet

125
Q

about 25 m receptors

A

bitter

126
Q

1 m receptors

A

umami

127
Q

transduced by 3 ionotropic receptors

A

salty

128
Q

mediated by 2 ionotropic receptors

A

sour

129
Q

gustatory cortex includes

A
  • primary gustatory cortex
  • secondary gustatory cortex
130
Q

Chemotopically organized

A

primary gustatory cortex

131
Q

Responsible for processing and integrating more complex aspects of taste

A

secondary gustatory cortex

132
Q

inability to smell

A

anosmia

133
Q

Most common neurological cause: a blow to the head that shears the olfactory nerves where they pass through the cribiform plate

A

anosmia

134
Q

Inability to taste

A

ageusia

135
Q

limited to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue on one side

A

partial ageusia

136
Q

The outcome of perception

A

percept

137
Q

Prior Experiences affecting Perception

A
  • Knowledge of how mundane things work (environmental learning)
  • Knowledge of identity of objects
  • Knowledge about temporal order of sensory events
138
Q

consumes a large proportion of energy used by our brains

A

perceptual decision making

139
Q

Mediation towards perceptual decision making is currently associated with the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the posterior parietal cortex

A

neural mechanisms

140
Q

The product of perception when there is an absence of sensory input.

A

phantom percepts

141
Q

presence of a missing limb is still perceived long after it has been lost to injury/amputation

A

phantom limbs

142
Q

Individuals experience rich and complex hallucinations

A

charles bennet syndrome

143
Q

suggested potential location

A

claustrum

144
Q

a claustrum is a structure that is made up of a fine sheet of ____ located just underneath the ___ towards the middle of the brain

A
  • neurons
  • cortex
145
Q

Process where we consciously perceive only a small subset of the the many stimuli available at any one time and largely ignore the rest.

A

selective attention

146
Q

Characteristics of Selective Attention

A
  • It improves the perception of the stimuli in focus
  • It interferes with the perception of the stimuli not in focus
147
Q

2 ways of focusing attention

A
  • internal cognitive processes
  • external events
148
Q

internal cognitive processes are also called

A

endogenous attention

149
Q

external events are also called

A

exogenous attention

150
Q

2 types of attention (based on eye movement)

A
  • covert attention
  • overt attention
151
Q

mediated by top-down (from higher to lower levels) neural mechanisms

A

internal cognitive processes

152
Q

mediated by bottom-up (from lower to higher levels) neural mechanisms

A

external events

153
Q

A shift of visual attention without any corresponding eye movement

A

covert attention

154
Q

A change in visual attention that involves a shift in gaze

A

overt attention

155
Q

phenomenon related to attention

A
  • cocktail-party phenomenon
  • change blindness phenomenon
156
Q

Even when you are focusing so intently on one conversation that you are totally unaware of the content of other conversations going on around you, the mention of your name in one of the other conversations will immediately gain access to your consciousness.

A

cocktail-party phenomenon

157
Q

the image is composed of two images that alternate with a delay of less than 0.1 second between them

A

change blindness phenomenon

158
Q

play major roles in directing top-down attention

A
  • prefrontal cortex
  • posterior parietal cortex
159
Q

selective attention may operate in the principle of a _____

A

push-pull mechanism

160
Q

Currently identified as important to attentional gaze

A

frontal eye field

161
Q

disorder of attention

A

simultanagnosia

162
Q

Difficulty in attending visually to more than one object at a time

A

visual-simultanagnosia

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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