Lecture 2

Question 1

plastic (changeable) living organ that continuously changes in response to your ongoing experience

Answer 1

brain

Question 2

single cell formed by the amalgamation of an ovum and a sperm

Answer 2

zygote

Question 3

zygote divides to form ___ daughter cells

Answer 3

two

Question 4

4 embryonic stem cells

Answer 4

• totipotent
• pluripotent
• multipotent
• unipotent

Question 5

embryonic stem cell wherein the cell has the ability to develop into any class of cell in the body

Answer 5

totipotent

Question 6

embryonic stem cell wherein developing cells have the abiilty to develop into many, but not all, classes of body cells

Answer 6

pluripotent

Question 7

embryonic stem cell wherein new cells become more and more specialized and has the ability to develop into different cells of only one class

Answer 7

multipotent

Question 8

embryonic stem cell wherein it can develop into only one type of cell

Answer 8

unipotent

Question 9

5 phases of neural development

Answer 9

• induction of the neural plate
• neural proliferation
• migration and aggregation
• axon growth and synapse formation
• neuron death and synapse rearrangement

Question 10

induction of neural plate happens ______

Answer 10

3 weeks after conception

Question 11

small patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the developing embryo

Answer 11

neural plate

Question 12

does not occur simultaneously or equally in all parts of the tube

Answer 12

neural proliferation

Question 13

zone wherein most cell division in the neural tube occurs

Answer 13

ventricular zone & subventricular zone

Question 14

two regions adjacent to the ventricle

Answer 14

• ventricular zone
• subventricular zone

Question 15

runs along the midline of the ventral surface of the tube

Answer 15

floor plate

Question 15

two organizer areas in the neural tube

Answer 15

• floor plate
• roof plate

Question 16

runs along the midline of the dorsal surface of the tube

Answer 16

roof plate

Question 17

play a key role in cell migration during development

Answer 17

radial glial cells

Question 18

when do cells migrate to the appropriate target location?

Answer 18

once they have been created through cell division in the ventricular zone of the neural tube

Question 19

two major factors governing migration

Answer 19

• time
• location

Question 20

two kinds of cell migration

Answer 20

• radial migration
• tangential migration

Question 21

proceeds from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the outer wall of the tube

Answer 21

radial migration

Question 22

occurs at a right angle to radial migration

Answer 22

tangential migration

Question 23

two mechanisms of cell migration

Answer 23

• somal translocation
• radial-glia mediated migration

Question 24

"the developing cell has a process that extends from its cell body that seems to explore the immediate environment"

Answer 24

somal translocation

Question 25

somal translocation allows a cell to migrate in _____

Answer 25

either radial or tangential fashion

Question 26

developing cell uses the long process that extends from each radial-glia cell as a sort of rope along which it pulls itself up and away from the ventricular zone

Answer 26

radial-glia-mediated migration

Question 27

radial-glia-meditated migration allows a cell to migrate ______

Answer 27

only in a radial fashion

Question 28

structure situated just dorsal to the neural tube; formed from cells that break off from the neural tube as it is being formed

Answer 28

neural crest

Question 29

process in which the migrated neurons have aligned with other developing neurons

Answer 29

aggregation

Question 30

3 non-exclusive mechanisms of aggregation

Answer 30

- cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs) - gap junctions - interactions between glial cells and neurons

Question 31

located on the surfaces of neurons and other cells, have the ability to recognize molecules on other cells and adhere to them

Answer 31

cell-adhesion molecules

Question 32

points of communication between adjacent cells; the gaps are bridged by narrow tubes

Answer 32

gap junctions

Question 33

narrow tubes bridging the gaps

Answer 33

connexins

Question 34

through this, the process of aggregation is achieved

Answer 34

interaction between glial cells and neurons

Question 35

axon and dendrites grow after:

Answer 35

- neurons have migrated to their appropriate positions - aggregated into neural structures

Question 36

when is an appropriate pattern of synapses established?

Answer 36

once axons have reached their intended sites

Question 37

formation of new synapses depends on the presence of glial cells

Answer 37

synaptogenesis

Question 38

normal and important part of neurodevelopment

Answer 38

neuron death

Question 39

passive cell death

Answer 39

necrosis

Question 40

active cell death

Answer 40

apoptosis

Question 41

2 neurotrophins

Answer 41

- nerve growth factor (NGF) - brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)

Question 42

tends to focus the output of each neuron on a smaller number of postsynaptic cells

Answer 42

synapse rearrangement

Question 43

three major technical advances in studying the prenatal human neural tissue

Answer 43

- the development of three-dimensional brain organoids in culture - ability to image the brains of prenatal humans - characterization of cell-level transcriptomes

Question 44

refers to the process of forming new synaptic connections between neurons

Answer 44

synaptogenesis

Question 45

process of adding a productive myelin sheath to axons

Answer 45

myelination of axons

Question 46

process of dendrites, the specialized extensions of neurons, developing additional branches or protrusions

Answer 46

increased branching of dendrites

Question 47

displays the most prolonged period of development of any brain region

Answer 47

prefrontal cortex

Question 48

cognitive functions associated with prefrontal cortex

Answer 48

- working memory - planning and carrying out sequences and actions - inhibiting responses that are inappropriate in the current context but not in others - following rules for social behavior

Question 49

tendency to continue making a formerly correct response when it is currently incorrect

Answer 49

perseveration

Question 50

ability of nervous system to reorganize neuronal circuits and form new synapses even in adults

Answer 50

neural plasticity

Question 51

proteins that control neural plasticity and reformation neural plasticity and regeneration in cns

Answer 51

neurotrophins

Question 52

2 important principles of brain development

Answer 52

- the human brain starts to function in the womb and never stops working until one stands up to speak in public - neurogenesis

Question 53

complex neurodevelopmental disorder

Answer 53

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

Question 54

ASD is almost always apparent before the age of _____

Answer 54

3 yrs

Question 55

two core symptoms of ASD

Answer 55

- reduced capacity for social interaction - restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities

Question 56

ASD is a ______ disorder

Answer 56

heterogeneous

Question 57

persons with general intellectual disabilities who nevertheless display amazing and specific cognitive or artistic abilities

Answer 57

savants

Question 58

predictors of ASD

Answer 58

transcription related errors

Question 59

neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability and with a heterogenous pattern of abilities and disabilities

Answer 59

williams syndrome

Question 60

difference between ASD and williams syndrome

Answer 60

individuals with WS are sociable, empathetic, and are talkative

Question 61

cognitive deficits that comes with WS

Answer 61

- severe attentional problems - bad spatial abilities - non-existential ability to draw objects - have negativity perceiving negative emotion in faces