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Physio Psych > Lecture 2 > Flashcards

Lecture 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

plastic (changeable) living organ that continuously changes in response to your ongoing experience

A

brain

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2
Q

single cell formed by the amalgamation of an ovum and a sperm

A

zygote

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3
Q

zygote divides to form ___ daughter cells

A

two

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4
Q

4 embryonic stem cells

A
  • totipotent
  • pluripotent
  • multipotent
  • unipotent
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5
Q

embryonic stem cell wherein the cell has the ability to develop into any class of cell in the body

A

totipotent

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6
Q

embryonic stem cell wherein developing cells have the abiilty to develop into many, but not all, classes of body cells

A

pluripotent

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7
Q

embryonic stem cell wherein new cells become more and more specialized and has the ability to develop into different cells of only one class

A

multipotent

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8
Q

embryonic stem cell wherein it can develop into only one type of cell

A

unipotent

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9
Q

5 phases of neural development

A
  • induction of the neural plate
  • neural proliferation
  • migration and aggregation
  • axon growth and synapse formation
  • neuron death and synapse rearrangement
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10
Q

induction of neural plate happens ______

A

3 weeks after conception

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11
Q

small patch of ectodermal tissue on the dorsal surface of the developing embryo

A

neural plate

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12
Q

does not occur simultaneously or equally in all parts of the tube

A

neural proliferation

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13
Q

zone wherein most cell division in the neural tube occurs

A

ventricular zone & subventricular zone

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14
Q

two regions adjacent to the ventricle

A
  • ventricular zone
  • subventricular zone
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15
Q

runs along the midline of the ventral surface of the tube

A

floor plate

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15
Q

two organizer areas in the neural tube

A
  • floor plate
  • roof plate
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16
Q

runs along the midline of the dorsal surface of the tube

A

roof plate

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17
Q

play a key role in cell migration during development

A

radial glial cells

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18
Q

when do cells migrate to the appropriate target location?

A

once they have been created through cell division in the ventricular zone of the neural tube

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19
Q

two major factors governing migration

A
  • time
  • location
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20
Q

two kinds of cell migration

A
  • radial migration
  • tangential migration
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21
Q

proceeds from the ventricular zone in a straight line outward toward the outer wall of the tube

A

radial migration

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22
Q

occurs at a right angle to radial migration

A

tangential migration

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23
Q

two mechanisms of cell migration

A
  • somal translocation
  • radial-glia mediated migration
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24
Q

“the developing cell has a process that extends from its cell body that seems to explore the immediate environment”

A

somal translocation

25
Q

somal translocation allows a cell to migrate in _____

A

either radial or tangential fashion

26
Q

developing cell uses the long process that extends from each radial-glia cell as a sort of rope along which it pulls itself up and away from the ventricular zone

A

radial-glia-mediated migration

27
Q

radial-glia-meditated migration allows a cell to migrate ______

A

only in a radial fashion

28
Q

structure situated just dorsal to the neural tube; formed from cells that break off from the neural tube as it is being formed

A

neural crest

29
Q

process in which the migrated neurons have aligned with other developing neurons

A

aggregation

30
Q

3 non-exclusive mechanisms of aggregation

A
  • cell-adhesion molecules (CAMs)
  • gap junctions
  • interactions between glial cells and neurons
31
Q

located on the surfaces of neurons and other cells, have the ability to recognize molecules on other cells and adhere to them

A

cell-adhesion molecules

32
Q

points of communication between adjacent cells; the gaps are bridged by narrow tubes

A

gap junctions

33
Q

narrow tubes bridging the gaps

A

connexins

34
Q

through this, the process of aggregation is achieved

A

interaction between glial cells and neurons

35
Q

axon and dendrites grow after:

A
  • neurons have migrated to their appropriate positions
  • aggregated into neural structures
36
Q

when is an appropriate pattern of synapses established?

A

once axons have reached their intended sites

37
Q

formation of new synapses depends on the presence of glial cells

A

synaptogenesis

38
Q

normal and important part of neurodevelopment

A

neuron death

39
Q

passive cell death

A

necrosis

40
Q

active cell death

A

apoptosis

41
Q

2 neurotrophins

A
  • nerve growth factor (NGF)
  • brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)
42
Q

tends to focus the output of each neuron on a smaller number of postsynaptic cells

A

synapse rearrangement

43
Q

three major technical advances in studying the prenatal human neural tissue

A
  • the development of three-dimensional brain organoids in culture
  • ability to image the brains of prenatal humans
  • characterization of cell-level transcriptomes
44
Q

refers to the process of forming new synaptic connections between neurons

A

synaptogenesis

45
Q

process of adding a productive myelin sheath to axons

A

myelination of axons

46
Q

process of dendrites, the specialized extensions of neurons, developing additional branches or protrusions

A

increased branching of dendrites

47
Q

displays the most prolonged period of development of any brain region

A

prefrontal cortex

48
Q

cognitive functions associated with prefrontal cortex

A
  • working memory
  • planning and carrying out sequences and actions
  • inhibiting responses that are inappropriate in the current context but not in others
  • following rules for social behavior
49
Q

tendency to continue making a formerly correct response when it is currently incorrect

A

perseveration

50
Q

ability of nervous system to reorganize neuronal circuits and form new synapses even in adults

A

neural plasticity

51
Q

proteins that control neural plasticity and reformation neural plasticity and regeneration in cns

A

neurotrophins

52
Q

2 important principles of brain development

A
  • the human brain starts to function in the womb and never stops working until one stands up to speak in public
  • neurogenesis
53
Q

complex neurodevelopmental disorder

A

autism spectrum disorder (ASD)

54
Q

ASD is almost always apparent before the age of _____

A

3 yrs

55
Q

two core symptoms of ASD

A
  • reduced capacity for social interaction
  • restricted and repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities
56
Q

ASD is a ______ disorder

A

heterogeneous

57
Q

persons with general intellectual disabilities who nevertheless display amazing and specific cognitive or artistic abilities

A

savants

58
Q

predictors of ASD

A

transcription related errors

59
Q

neurodevelopmental disorder associated with intellectual disability and with a heterogenous pattern of abilities and disabilities

A

williams syndrome

60
Q

difference between ASD and williams syndrome

A

individuals with WS are sociable, empathetic, and are talkative

61
Q

cognitive deficits that comes with WS

A
  • severe attentional problems
  • bad spatial abilities
  • non-existential ability to draw objects
  • have negativity perceiving negative emotion in faces

Physio Psych (17 decks)

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